ORTHOGENESIS 351 



these enables us better to understand the instinct of the cuckoo. Such 

 people trouble themselves no more than the cuckoo about their offspring, 

 but let others look after them, and even leave them at other people's 

 doors, or at the doors of the foundling hospital. 



He also thinks that animals, when they founded families 

 or states, must have seen the advantage of several members 

 living- together, i.e., the fruitfulness of co-operation. " The 

 bees, for instance, must also have seen that the gathering of 

 stores for the winter was useful to them," a view which is 

 supported, he thinks, by the fact of the high mental endow- 

 ments not of an instinctive character which are displayed 

 by the hymenoptera. 



It is obvious that the storage instinct is particularly highly 

 developed in those organisms which rely upon mutual support, 

 i.e., on symbiogenesis, for it is they that work the hardest to 

 purchase the most margin for evolution through accumulation 

 of capital and increasing division of labour. In order to 

 purchase such advance they require not only surpluses for their 

 own use, but also, as I believe to have shown, surpluses for 

 purposes of exchange. 



Though the consciousness involved was at best but rudi- 

 mentary, yet the solution of the biological problem resolved 

 itself from the first into the establishment of equitable bio- 

 economic relations, and the only reliable path to this, as the 

 case of the bee so well proves, was that of cross- feeding. 



The bee applies for food to the plant which is itself a 

 storer of energies and of surplus substances, an accumulator of 

 biological capital, and a useful and biologically sound com- 

 merce is set up and maintained to their mutual advantage. 



Prof. Eimer, in order to emphasise the strength of his 

 position as regards animal intelligence, posits the following 

 queries : 



But what was it that taught the beaver to dam back the flowing 

 water by a regular weir built of tree trunks, sticks and branches, in 

 order that some of the burrows which lead to the face of the river-bank 

 from the building which it BO skilfully constructs might be always 

 under water? 



