372 SYMBIOGENESIS 



lead to an illusory kind of success, i.e., one that is anti-social 

 (anti-biotic), as, for instance, the "success" of parasites. 

 Butler, of course, cannot help realising this truth ; but his 

 term lacks the bio-economic connotation, and he is obviously 

 not aware to what an extent at least the lower forms of 

 " cunning" actually deliver vast numbers of organisms up to 

 degeneracy. Had he been fully alive to the range of patho- 

 genesis on the one hand and to the importance of biological 

 correspondences on the other, he would, no doubt, have been 

 more emphatic on general integrity rather than "cunning," 

 on righteousness and fellowship rather than short cuts to 

 " success." 



Whilst fully recognising Butler's great merit as a critic 

 of thought, as a pioneer, and as a champion of the 

 democratization of science, I am bound to say that he has 

 failed almost as much, if not quite so signally, as Huxley in 

 recognising the importance of the altruistic and symbiotic 

 principles governing the evolution of life. More emphatically 

 than Huxley he suggests " values " as an explanation of 

 success, but even so only in a vague sort of way, and without 

 providing any symbiogenetic (or, as one might also say, a true 

 democratic) connotation of values. What he has to say about 

 " cunning " is as open to vicious political interpretations as is 

 Huxley's remark that you may "proclaim human equality as 

 loudly as you like, Witless will serve his brother," and, 

 further, that "the doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or 

 have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly baseless 

 fiction." 



Evidently Huxley could on occasion discover values as 

 determinants of status. But he stopped, as did Butler, half- 

 way; or rather, it seems, that both men stopped at the point 

 where their political and social prejudices began. 



The former statement of Huxley is in order so long as it 

 involves the recognition of the law of service according to 

 values, which, when fully propounded, turns out to be the law 

 of Symbiogenesis. True, Witless will serve his "brother" 



