ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 211 



consciousness of an end. Along with this cognitive factor 

 there is a conative one, a predetermined bending of the con- 

 stitutional bow in a particular direction. And there may also 

 be, in some cases, an evocation of associated emotions. 



According to Professor McDougall, instinct is a functional 

 unit which is transmitted as such from generation to genera- 

 tion, but it implies the existence in the creature's innate 

 constitution of three things " first, a specialised perceptual 

 disposition; secondly, a specific conative tendency that is ex- 

 cited when this perceptual disposition is played upon by the 

 appropriate sense-impression; and thirdly, some co-ordinated 

 system of motor channels through which the conative tend- 

 ency works towards its satisfaction ". 



Less technically we may say that there is (1) some degree 

 of awareness of what is being done, (2) a feeling of activity 

 and a bent bow, and (3) the constitutionally ingrained link- 

 ages which make a chain of reflex-like acts possible. 



10. Evidence of Intelligent Behaviour. 



Especially among birds and mammals we find behaviour 

 which cannot be adequately described without using psycho- 

 logical terms. It implies, objectively, some ' trial-and-error ' 

 experiments and profiting thereby, some 'learning' that is 

 more than woodenly associative, something more than the 

 dog's secretion of salivary juice when the dinner whistle is 

 blown. We infer that it implies, subjectively, some per- 

 ceptual inference, some working with ideas, some apprecia- 

 tion of the relations of things. It is reflective and experi- 

 mental as contrasted with reflex and instinctive. 



The Greek eagle lets the tortoise fall on the rocks so that 

 it is broken, just as the rook does with the fresh-water mus- 

 sel. The collie anticipates a possible straying of the flock 



