236 THE PROBLEM OF BODY AND MIND 



individuality finds a new and finer expression which we 

 call Personality. 



4. Various Theories of the Relation of ' Mind ' and ' Body '. 



To the question how we are to think of our thought-life 

 and our brain-life in relation to one another at least seven 

 answers have been given, but we need not give all of them 

 the same amount of attention. Two of them fall if we 

 conclude, as we have done, that mechanistic formulation 

 does not give an adequate account of the world of organisms. 

 These two are (I) thoroughgoing materialism, and its modern 

 representative, (II) epiphenomenalism. (I) According to 

 thoroughgoing materialism, mind is fictitious and the only 

 realities are matter and motion. Sensation, according to 

 Hobbes, is nothing but motion; and the brain, according 

 to Cabanis, secretes thought as the liver secretes bile. To 

 this it may suffice to answer that the mechanical theory of 

 organisms breaks down; that we cannot satisfactorily ex- 

 plain our thinking in terms of laws of matter and motion 

 which are the results of our thinking; and that we cannot 

 think clearly to ourselves the proposition that mind is a 

 function of the brain, or that the motion of particles produces 

 the emotion of joy. 



(II) According to Huxley's epiphenomenalism, the 

 stream of consciousness is like the chain of foam-bells on 

 the river, called into existence by the real physico-chemical 

 processes in the brain, and ceasing as these cease. The real 

 causal sequence is to be found in the neuroses which are 

 assumed to admit of mechanical formulation ; the sequence 

 of psychoses is due to that of the neuroses, for the elements 

 of consciousness have no influence either on one another or 

 on the activities of the creature. The psychoses are the 



