SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xix 



9. JUNCE/E. Flowers 2-sexual. Perianth of 6 brown, scarious seg- 

 ments. Stamens usually 6. Ovary 1-3-celled with 3 basilar, or many 

 parietal or axile ovules. Capsule 3-valved Kushy herbs ; leaves very 

 narrow ; flowers brown, small, (p. 387.) 



10. AROIDE.E. Flowers sessile on a spadix, enclosed in a spathe when 

 young, 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0, or of scale-like sepals. Stamens few or 

 many. Ovary 1- or more-celled. Berry few- or many-seeded. Albumen 

 mealy. Herbs ; leaves various, often broad, net- veined ; flowers with 

 often conspicuous spathes or spadixes. (p. 393.) 



11. LEMNACE.E. Minute floating cellular green fronds. Flowers im- 

 bedded in slits or cavities of the frond, most minute, 1-3 in a spathe. 

 Stamens 1-2. Ovary 1-celled, 1-7-ovuled. Fronds covering ponds ; flowers 

 very rare and inconspicuous, (p. 395.) 



12. TYPHACE^E. Flowers monoecious, in catkins or heads. Perianth 

 0, or of scales or hairs. Stamens many ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 

 1-2-celled; style persistent; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a drupe or utricle. 

 Erect marsh or water plants ; leaves linear ; flowers small or minute, 

 in conspicuous spikes or heads, (p. 396.) 



13. ERIOCAULONE.E. Flowers monoecious, in involucrate heads. Pe- 

 riantk membranous or scarious ; outer of 2-3 sepals ; inner 3-lobed 

 or of 3 scales. Stamens 2-3 on the inner perianth-segments. Ovary 

 2-3-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous in each cell. Capsule 2-3- valved. Usually 

 scapigerous, cellular, marsh or water herbs ; flowers small, dull-coloured, 

 (p. 397.) 



DIVISION II. Glumaceae. 



flowers in the axils of the scales (glumes) of spikelets. Perianth 

 0, or of a few minute scales or bristles (ovary and fruit enclosed in a 

 perigynium in Carex). 



14. CYPERACE^E. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Perianth or of bristles, rarely 

 of scales. Stamens 1-3 ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1, stig- 

 mas 2-3 papillose ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit compressed or 3-gouous. Em- 

 bryo at the base of the albumen. Stems usually solid, 3-gonous; leaves 

 very slender with entire sheaths, (p. 398.) 



15. GRAMINE.E. lowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth usually of 2 very 

 minute scales. Stamens usually 3 ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled ; 

 stigmas 1-2 hairy or feathery. Fruit terete, or grooved on one side. 

 Embryo on one side of the base of the albumen. Stem usually hollow, 

 septate, terete ; sheaths split to the base. (p. 422.) 



CLASS III. ACOTYLE'DONS or CRYP'TOGAMS. 



Plants with or without vascular bundles, destitute of proper flowers 

 (i.e. having no stamens, pistils, or floral whorls). Reproduction by minute 

 bodies (spores), which contain no embryo. 



DIVISION I. Vasculares. 



Stems with copious bundles of vascular tissue. Reproduction by spores 

 destitute of an embryo, but developing a prothallus in germination. 



