DIPSACTJS.] DIPSACE^E. 183 



1. DIP'SACUS, Tournef. TEASEL. 



Erect, biennial, hairy or spinulose herbs, with angular stems. Leaves 

 usually connate at the base, toothed or cut. Heads oblong or cylindric ; 

 receptacle columnar ; invol. bracts many, rigid, spreading ; floral bracts 

 exserted, spincscent ; involucel 4-angled. Calyx-limb discoid or cupular, 

 lobulate. Corolla-tube slightly dilated upwards ; lobes 4, short, unequal. 

 Stamens 4. Style filiform, stigma dilated obliquely decurved. DISTRIB. 

 Europe, W. Asia ; species about 17. ETYM. obscure. 



1. D. sylves'tris, L. ; leaves sessile simple obovate-lanceolate, heads 

 oblong, invol. bracts upcurved. Wild Teasel. 



Copses and hedges in England and Ireland, rare and local in Scotland ; 

 fl. Aug. -Sept. Glabrous. Stem 3-4 ft. , stout, rigid, ribs prickly. Leaves, 

 radical on the first year's growth only, spreading; cauline 6-8 in., oblong- 

 lanceolate, entire or crenate, midrib prickly. Heads 2-3 in. ; bracts linear, 

 rigid, longer than the head ; floral bracts very long, rigid, subulate, 

 strict, ciliate ; involucel pubescent, 4-angled in fruit. Calyx-limb deciduous. 

 Corolla purplish. DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, N. Africa, 

 W. Asia./). Fullonum, L. (Fuller's Teasel), known by its hooked bracts, 

 is probably a form of this plant only known in cultivation. 



2. D. pilo'sus, L. ; leaves petioled with usiially a pair of basal leaflets, 

 heads subglobose hairy, invol. bracts deflexed. 



Moist hedges and banks, local, .Yorkshire to Hants and Kent ; absent from 

 Ireland ; fl. Aug. -Sept. More or less hairy. Stem 2-4 ft., slender, ribs 

 with soft, short, hair-pointed prickles. Leaves, radical petioled, hairy, 

 crenate ; cauline 6-12 in., oblong, crenate-serrate. Heads ^-1 in. diam., 

 drooping in bud ; bracts many, shorter than the head, linear, toothed and 

 ciliate ; floral bracts obovate, with long cuspidate ciliate points ; involucel 

 calyx-tube and corolla white, very hairy. DISTRIB. Europe from Gothland 

 southwards, W. Asia. 



2. SCABIO'SA, L. 



Perennial herbs. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Heads hemispheric or 

 depressed ; invol. bracts 1-2 seriate ; receptacle hemispheric or columnar, 

 hairy or with scaly floral bracts ; outer flowers often larger and rayed. Calyx- 

 tube contracted at the top, included in the tubular, 4-8-angled, truncate, or 

 4-5-lobed involucel ; limb cup-shaped, with 4-10 rigid bristles or teeth. 

 Corolla curved, oblique or 2-lipped ; lobes 45, obtuse. Stamens 4, 

 exserted. Style filiform, stigma capitellate notched. DISTRIB. Europe, 

 W. Asia, N. and S. and trop. Africa ; species about 90. ETYM. scabies, 

 from its use in skin- diseases. 



SUB-GEN. Scabio'sa proper. Receptacle elongate, covered with scaly 

 bracteoles. Involucel 8-furrowed. Calyx-teeth of 4-5 persistent bristles. 



1. S. succi'sa, L, ; leaves entire, involucral bracts shorter than the 

 4-lobed subequal corollas. Devil 's-bit-Scabious. 



Pastures and open places ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. July- 

 Oct. Rootstock short, abruptly truncate. Stem 1-2 ft., branched above. 

 Leaves glabrous or hairy ; radical oblong or obovate, petioled ; cauline few, 

 toothed. Heads f-1^ in. diam. ; peduncles with appressed hairs ; invol. 

 bracts lanceolate, floral linear-spathulate. Flowers blue-purple or white ; 

 involucel, villous, with 4 ovate teeth. Calycine bristles 4 rigid. Corolla 



