184 DIPSACE^. [SCABIOSA. 



pilose, tube curved. A nthers red-brown. Fruit oblong, concealed in the 

 involucel. DlSTRJB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N. Africa. 



2. a. Coiumba Via, L. ; cauline leaves pinnatifid, invol. bracts longer 

 than the 5-lobed corollas, outer corollas larger very irregular. 



Dry pastures and banks, from E. Scotland and Aberdeen southwards ; ascends 

 to 1,600ft. in Yorkshire; absent from Ireland; fl. July-Sept. Rootxtock 

 tufted, often woody. Stem 1-2 ft., simple or branched above, pilose. Leave* 

 glabrous or pubescent, very variable ; radical narrow, petioled, entire or 

 divided ; cauline segments often cut. Heads 1-1J in. diam. ; peduncles 

 slender ; invol. bracts 1-seriate, slender, floral linear-spathulate. Flowers 

 lilac or blue-purple ; involucel subcampanulate, limb white, mem- 

 branous, many-nerved. Calyrine bristles 5, rigid, rough. Corolla pubes- 

 cent, of inner flowers regular, of outer rayed. A nthers yellow. I', -nit 

 narrow-obovoid, shortly beaked. DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. 



SUB-GJ N. Knau'tia, Coulter (gen.). Receptacle hemispheric, covered with 

 hairs. Involucel 4-furrowed. Calyx-teeth of 8-16 deciduous bristles. 



3. S. arven'sis, L. ; invol. bracts shorter than the usually 4-lobed 

 corollas, of which the outer are much larger and 2-lipped. 



Dry banks and fields ; fl. July-Sept. Rootstock stout. Stem 2-5 ft., stout. 

 very hairy, usually branched above. Leaves variable, pilose ; radical oblong- 

 lanceolate, entire serrate or crenate ; cauline toothed lobed or pinnatitid. 

 Heads 1-1^ in. diam., depressed ; peduncle long, stout ; invol. bracts broad, 

 leafy, 2-seriate. Flowers pale lilac or blue ; involucels villous, obscurely 

 4-toothed. Corolla pilose, inner redder, outer larger, radiating. A nthers 

 yellow. Fruit ovoid, beaked ; calyx-limb deciduous. DISTRIB. Europe 

 (Arctic), Siberia, N. Africa. 



ORDER XLII. COMPOSITE. 



Herbs (the British species). Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, 

 simple or compound ; stipules 0. Inflorescence a centripetal head of many 

 small flowers, sessile on the dilated top of the peduncle (/ 

 closed in an involucre of whorled bracts ; bracteoles 0, or scales or bristles 

 on the receptacle. Flowers all tubular (head discoid), or the outer, or all, 

 ligulate (head rayed) ; 2-sexual, or the inner 2-sexuaj or male, the onter 

 female or neuter. Calyx superior ; limb 0, or of hairs (pappus) or scales. 

 Corolla of 2 forms : 1st, tubular, or campanulate, 4-5-lohed, lobes val- 

 vate, with marginal nerves ; 2dly, ligulate, lobes elongate and connate 

 into a strap-shaped or elliptic ligule. Disk epigynous. Stamens 4-5, 

 inserted within the corolla-tube, filaments usually free ; anthers liasi- 

 tixed, usually connate ; connective produced upwards ; cells simple or 

 tailed at the base ; pollen subglobose, rough. Ovary 1-celled ; style 

 slender 2-fid, arms (sometimes connate) linear, 4-terete, naked or exter- 

 nally pubescent or tipped by pubescent cones, margins stigmatic ; ovule 

 solitary, basal erect, anatropous, nucleus with 1 coat. Fruit dry, inde- 

 hisceut. Seed erect, testa membranous, albumen ; embryo straight, coty- 

 ledons plano-convex, radicle short. AFFINITIES. Close with Dipsacece, 

 Valerianece, and Lobcliaceos. DISTRIB. Co-extensive with dicotyledonous 



