ARCTIUM.] COMPOSITE. 187 



** Pappus-hairs rigid, discoloured (see Crepis paludosa in *). 



Fruit compressed. Pappus-hairs in several series 41. Mulgedium. 



Fruit terete. Pappus-hairs in one series 42. Hieracium. 



1. ARC'TIUM, L. BURDOCK. 



A stout, erect, branching, biennial herb. Leaves alternate, the lower 

 very large. Heads solitary racemed or corymbose, not rayed, purple or 

 white ; involucre globose, bracts imbricate, very many, coriaceous, ap- 

 pressed below, with long, stiff, spreading, hooked tips ; receptacle flat ; 

 bracteoles rigid, subulate. Corollas regular, campanulate ; lobes 5, slender. 

 Filaments papillose ; anthers with a long terminal appendage, cells with 

 subulate tails. Style-arms connate, pubescent below, obtuse. Fruit 

 large, oblong or obovoid, laterally compressed, transversely wrinkled, 

 areolate at the base ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, short, free, filiform, 

 scab rid. DISTRIB. Europe, N. and "W. Asia ; introd. into N. America. 

 ETYM. &PKTOS, a bear, from its coarse appearance. 



1. A. Lap pa, L. ; leaves ovate-cordate entire or sinuate-toothed. 

 Waste places ; fl. July- Aug. Glabrous or cottony, 2-4 ft., very variable. 

 Leaves often 1 ft., glabrous above, usually densely cottony beneath. Heads 

 ^-l^in. diam., webbed or not ; peduncle very stout ; invol. bracts slender, 

 angled, rigid, spreading. Corolla and stamens purple, styles white. Fruit 

 compressed, angled, ribbed, grey mottled with black. Young stalks formerly 

 eaten boiled, and as salad. The following sub-species and varieties present 

 no constant characters ; I have followed Syme in their discrimination. 

 Sub-sp. LAP'PA proper (sp. ) ; petioles hollow, heads subcorymbose globose 

 glabrous all green, corolla-tube longer than the limb. A. majus, Schkuhr. 

 From Lancaster and Derby southwards. 



Sub-sp. MI'NUS, Schkuhr (sp. ) ; heads subracemose more ovoid glabrous or 

 cottony, inner invol. bracts purplish, corolla-tube as long as the limb. 

 Advances North to Skye. VAR. 1, mi'nus proper ; root-leaves coarsely 

 toothed, petioles hollow, heads ^-f in. diam. subsessile cottony. Common. 

 VAR. 2, interim' dium, Lange (sp.) ; root-leaves crenate, petioles with a 

 slender tube, heads arachnoid, lower ones f-1 in. diam., of the raceme 

 peduncled purple. A . pubeiis, Bab. VAR. 3, wmoro'sMW, Lej. (sp.); root- 

 aves narrower coarsely crenate, crenatures apiculate, heads subsessile 



2. CARiii'NA, L. CARLINE-THISTLE. 

 Eigid, spinous herbs. Leaves pinnatifid. Outer invol. bracts leafy, 

 spinous-toothed, spreading ; inner longer, narrower, scarious, coloured, 

 shining ; receptacle flat, deeply pitted, edges of the pits scaly. Corollas 

 all tubular, glabrous, erect ; limb campanulate, 5-toothed. Filaments 

 glabrous; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells with short plumose tails. 

 Style-arms connate into a pubescent cone. Fruit oblong, terete, silky 

 with 2-fid hairs ; pappus-hairs 1-seriate, feathery, connate in threes or 

 fours at the base. DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, "VV. Asia ; species 

 about 15. ETYM. After Charlemagne, who used it medicinally. 



1. C. vulgar'is, L. ; heads 2 or more, bracts ciliate. 



Dry fields and pastures ; from Arran to Elgin southwards ; ascends to 1,200 ft. 

 in Northumberland ; local in Ireland ; fl. June-Oct. Biennial, hoary 



