88 COMPOSITE. [('AKI.IXA. 



root tapering. Stem 6-18 in., stout, simple or branched above, purple. 

 Radical leaves 3-5 in., spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, spinous, cottony 

 beneath; cauline many, shorter, ^-amplexicaul. Heads j-li in. diam. ; 

 outer bracts cottony, spreading ; middle purplish ; inner j in., narrow, ri^id, 

 acute, yellow, spreading, erect when moist. Bristles of receptacle ri<rid. yel- 

 low, longer than the soft pappus. Flowers purple. Fruit brown. DISTIUB. 

 Europe, Siberia. 



3. SAUSSUREA. DC. 



Herbs. Leaves entire or divided. Heads corymbose, purple or violet ; 

 invol. bracts multi- seriate, imbricate, obtuse or acute ; receptacle Hat, 

 covered with chaft'y bracteoles. Corollas all tubular, ventricose above, 

 5-fid. Filaments glabrous ; anthers terminated by a long acute appendage, 

 cells with ciliate tails. Style-arms connate below, pubescent, with a 

 ring of hairs at the base. Fruit glabrous ; pappus-hairs 2-seriate, outer 

 filiform, rough, usually persistent ; inner feathery, connate at the base, 

 deciduous. DISTRIB. N. temp, regions; species about 45. ETYM. De 

 Saussure, the Swiss philosopher. 



1. S. alpi'na, L. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate toothed cottony benrath. 

 Alpine rocks, N. Wales, Lake district, Dumfriessl ire, and the Scotch Highlands, 

 ascending to near 4,000 ft. ; Mts. of Kerry in Ireland ; fl. August. Root- 

 stock short, stoloniferous. Stem 6-8 in. , stout, erect, leafy, simple., cottony. 

 Leaves, lower petioled, 4-7 in., acuminate; upper smaller, sessile. Headt 

 2-3 in., in dense corymbs ; involucre ovoid, bracts oblong, obtuse, woolly, 

 inner longer. Flowers exserted, purple, anthers bluish. Fruit brown, 

 ribbed ; pappus dirty white. DISTRIB. Scandinavia (Arctic), N. Russia, 

 and Alps of Mid. Europe, N. Asia, E. and W. N. America (a form). 



4. CENTAU'REA, L. KNAPWEED. 



Herbs of various habit. Leaves entire or cut, often spinous-toothed. 

 Involucre ovoid or globose ; bractsappressed, imbricate, entire and scarious, 

 or spinous, or dilated fringed or toothed; receptacle flatfish; bractrnlrs 

 bristly. Corollas all tubular, oblique or 2-lipped, ventricose above ; outer 

 usually larger, neuter, inner 2-sexual ; lobes 5, slender. Filaments glandu- 

 lar ; anthers with a long terminal coriaceous appendage, cells tailed or not. 

 Fruit compressed, basal areole oblique, top broad ; pappus-hairs short, 

 slender, scabrid, usually in many series, inner smaller often scaly, rarely 

 0. DISTKIR. Europe, W. Asia, N.Africa; species 200. ETYM. Mythical. 

 SECTION 1. Ja'cea. Invol. bracts with a dilated broad appendage. 

 1. C. ni'gra, L. ; leaves hispidulous lanceolate entire or distantly lobcd, 

 peduncles leafy, pappus-scales short unequal or 0. Knapweed. 

 Meadows and pastures, ascending to 1,600ft. in Northumberland; fl. June- 

 Sept. Perennial. Stem J-3 ft., slender, grooved, simple or brain In il. 

 Leaves scattered, variable, lower petioled, uppermost quite entire. Hnl* 

 1-1 ^ in. diam. ; invol. appendage very variable, pale or dark brown, orbicular, 

 pectinate on the margin or to the ax'is. Flows purple, outer often larger. 

 /'/"/> grey. DISTRIB. Europe ; introd. in N. America. 



VAR. 1, ni'gra proper ; outer flowers larger, peduncles thickened, appendages 

 dark brown deeply pectinate. VAR. 2, decip'iens, Thuill.; outer flowers 

 usually larger, peduncles slender, appendages paler less deeply pectinate.- 

 C. nigrescent, Bab. Southern counties. * 



