190 COMPOSITE. [CEXTAUEEA. 



by peduncled heads. Leaves very variable. Heads globose, i in. diam., 

 spines as long, not channelled, those of the outer bracts very small. /'/,.. 

 yellow. Fruit white ; pappus copious, white, as long as the fruit. DISTIUB. 

 JCurope from Holland southwards, Siberia. 



5. SERRAT'UIiA, DC. SAW-WORT. 



Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate ; radical simple ; cauline usually 

 pinnatifid. Heads solitary or corymbose, sometimes dioecious, purple 

 or white ; invol. bracts many, imbricate, outer shorter, inner more or 

 less scarious at the tip ; receptacle bracteolate. Corollas regular, tubular, 

 limb ventricose, lobes 5, narrow, oblique. Filaments papillose ; anther-cells 

 simple or shortly tailed. Style tumid or papillose or with a ring of hairs 

 at the tip ; arms free or connate. Fruit oblong, compressed, glabrous, 

 smooth ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, rigid, scabrid, coloured, outer shorter, 

 deciduous. DISTRIB. Europe, Asia; N. America; species about 30. 

 ETYM. serrula, from the serrate foliage. 



1. S. tincto'ria, L. ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, lobes distant serrate. 

 Copses, &c. from the N. of England, ascending to near 1,000 ft., southwards : 

 doubtfully indigenous in Scotland; absent from .Ireland ; fl. Aug. 

 Glabrous or nearly so. Ktem 2-3 ft., slender, erect, grooved, leafy, corym- 

 bosely branched. Leaves 5-9 in., rarely entire ; lobes linear-oblong, acute or 

 acuminate ; cauline sessile. Heads $-% in., corymbose, subsessile in var. 

 monticola (Boreau sp.), cylindric-ovoid, subclioecious, female largest; invol. 

 bracts ciliate, rigid, striate; outer oblong or ovate, acute ; inner linear-oblong, 

 purplish. Flowers red-purple ; male with blue anthers and contiguous 

 style-arms ; female with white anthers and spreading stvle-arms. Fruit grey, 

 glabrous ; pappus dirty white. DlSTHiB. Europe, W. Siberia. 



6. CARDUUS, L. THISTLE. 



Erect herbs. Leaves usually spinous-toothed. Heads sometimes dioa- 

 cious, purple, rarely white ; involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts many, 

 imbricated, appressed, narrow, rigid, acuminate or spinous-tipped ; re- 

 ceptacle deeply pitted, covered with brietly bracteoles. Corollas all tubular, 

 tube short, ventricose above, oblique ; lobes 5, narrow, elongate. Filaments 

 free or connate, pilose or glandular ; anthers terminated by a linear 

 appendage, cells usually with toothed tails. Style-arms connate into a 

 cylindrical 2-fid pubescent column, with a ring of hairs at the base. 

 Fruit oblong, compressed or terete, glabrous ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, 

 filiform, scabrid or feathery, connate at the base, deciduous. DISTRIB. 

 Chiefly Europe and W. Asia ; species about 150. ETYM. doubtful. 



SUB-GEN. 1. Car'duns proper. Filaments free, pilose. Fruit compn --< !. 

 smooth ; pappus-hairs rough not feathery, copious, white, shining. Leaves 

 decurrent, wings of stem very spinous. 



1. C. nu tans, L. ; wings of stem interrupted, head large solitary hemi- 

 spheric drooping, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate, outer spreading and 

 reflexed. Musk- Thistle. 

 Waste places, from Skye and Moray southwards ; ascending to 1,600 ft. in 



Yorkshire ; rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. Biennial, rarely 



branched, more or less cottony. Stem 1-3 ft., grooved ; wing sinuous, very 



