CARDUUS.] COMPOSITE. 193 



Wet meadows, rare, from York (ascending to 1,200 ft.) and N. Wales south 

 wards, and in Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. Perennial. Stem 10-18 in., terete, 

 cottony. Leaves few, 6-10 in., lower long-petioled, lobes angled not deep 

 or long ; upper J-amplexicaul, auricled. Heads 1-1^ in., peduncled ; invo- 

 lucre cottony ; bracts appressed, outer mucronate, inner slender purple 

 acuminate. Flowers dark purple. Fruit pale, slender, smooth ; pappus 

 dirty white. DISTRIB. Holland, Spain, France, and Germany. 0. Wood- 

 wardi, Watson, is, according to Syme, probably a hybrid between acaulis 

 and pratensis ; it has been found in Wilts and Glamorganshire. 



10. C. tubero'sus, L. ; rootstock not stoloniferous, roots fusiform 

 tuberous, leaves deeply pinnatifid, lobes remote narrow 2-4 cleft, heads 

 1-3, involucre ovoid depressed at the base. 



Meadows, Boyton, Wilts, and near Swindon ; fl. Aug.-Sept. Very closely 

 allied to C. pratensis, and perhaps only a sub-species of it. DISTRIB. Europe, 

 from France and Germany southwards. 



11. C. heterophyl'lus, L. ; rootstock stoloniferous, roots fibrous, 

 leaves lanceolate serrulate ciliate white beneath, upper entire or pinnatifid, 

 heads few large depressed at the base. Melancholy Thistle. 



Subalpine pastures and rivulets, from Skye and Ross southwards to Glamorgan 

 and Derby ; ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; absent from Ireland ; 

 fl. July-Sept. Rootstock creeping. Stem 2-3 ft., white, cottony, terete, 

 furrowed. Leaves soft, radical long-petioled, 8-18 in. ; upper often ovate, 

 ^-amplexicaul, cordate at the base. Heads l-2 in. diam.; involucre ovoid, 

 bracts finely pubescent, appressed, outer mucronate, inner linear. Flowers 

 red-purple. Fruit smooth, small, brown ; pappus-hairs brownish-white. 

 DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), except Spain Greece and Turkey, Siberia, 

 Dahuria. C. Carolorum, Jenner, is a hybrid with C. 



S.UB-GEN. 3. Sil'ybmn, Gcertn. (gen.). Filaments glandular, connate. 



Fruit terete, rugose ; pappus-hairs silky, connate at the base. 

 C. MARIA'NUS, Gcertn. ; leaves sinuate or pinnatifid, nerves white. 



Waste places near gardens, &c., not indigenous ; rare in Scotland and Ireland ; 

 fl. July-Sept. Glabrous, erect, annual or biennial, shining Stem, 1-4 ft. 

 grooved, not winged. Leaves large, spines strong, stout. Heads globose, 

 1-2 in. diam.; invol. bracts coriaceous, closely appressed, very broad, with 

 one very stout recurved, terminal, subulate spine |-f in., and several shorter 

 ones at its base, outermost merely spinous-toothed, mucronate ; receptacle 

 fleshy, hairy, not pitted. Flowers rose-purple. Fruit ^ in., oblong, transversely 

 wrinkled, black or grey ; pappus white. DISTRIB. Europe, from Holland 

 southwards. Stalks formerly eaten. 



7. ONOPOR'DON, L. COTTON THISTLE. 



Tall, erect, branched herbs. Stems broadly winged. Leaves alternate, 

 decurrent, spinous-toothed. Heads large, purple, rarely white ; involucre 

 subglobose; bracts very many, imbricate, coriaceous, spinescent; receptacle 

 fleshy, pitted, edges of the pits membranous toothed. Corolla* all tubular, 

 ventricose above ; lobes 5, long, slender. Filaments nearly glabrous ; 

 anthers with a terminal appendage, cells shortly tailed. Style-arms con- 

 nate into a 2-fid cylinder, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit obovoid, 

 compressed, 4-ribbed, rugose ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, filiform or flat- 

 o 



