198 COMPOSITE. [INCLA. 



Maritime marshes and rocks ; Wigton, S.W. Wales, Cornwall, S. and E. of 

 Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. Perennial, glabrous, yellow-green. Stem 6-18 in., 

 stout, rarely branched, very leafy. Leaves 1-2 in., sessile, gradually con- 

 tracted to the base, entire or shortly 2-4-lobed at the tip. Heads 1 in. 

 diam., on long bracteate peduncles ; invol. bracts linear-lanceolate ; ligule 

 short. Pappus-hairs rigid, unequal, dirty white. DISTRIB. Coasts of Europe 

 from Belgium southwards, N. Africa. 



3. I. salici'na, L. ; leaves linear-oblong toothed and ciliate, upper 

 sessile auricled, heads solitary, fruit terete glabrous. 



Shores of Lough Derg, Galway ; fl. July-Aug. Perennial, glabrous or slightly 

 hairy. Stem 12-18 in., leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., rigid, lower obovate-lanceo- 

 late, glabrous above, slightly hairy beneath with reticulate nerves. Heads 

 1 in. diam.; in vol. bracts linear-oblong, ciliate, outer leafy reflexed ; ligules 

 slender. Pappus dirty white. DISTRIB. All Europe. 



4. I. Hele nium, L. ; tall, stout, downy, leaves large toothed, heads 

 very large, invol. bracts leafy, fruit 4-angled glabrous. Elecampane. 

 Copses and meadows in England, rare and local ; often naturalized ; wild in 



Yorkshire (Baker) ; a native ? Watson ; fl. July-Aug. Rootstock large, 

 succulent. Stem 2-5 ft., very stout, branched. Leaves velvety beneath ; 

 radical 1-1 ft., oblong-lanceolate, long-petioled ; cauline sessile, auricled, 

 ovate-cordate, acute. Heads 3 in. diam. ; peduncles long, stout, naked ; 

 invol. bracts broadly ovate, velvety ; ligules long, slender. Pappus pale 

 reddish. DISTRIB. Europe from Gothland southwards, Siberia ; introd. in 

 N. America. Formerly cultivated by cottagers as an aromatic and tonic ; 

 its rootstock is still used candied. 



** Pappus with an outer row of very short scales. PDLICAR'IA, Overtn. 



5. I. dysenter ica, L. ; woolly or cottony, leaves oblong-cordate 

 J-amplexicaul, ligules long, scales of pappus connate toothed. Flea-bane. 

 Moist places, from Isla and Haddmgton southwards ; rare in Scotland, com- 

 mon in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 

 branched above, very leafy. Leaves 1 j-2 in., irregularly waved and toothed. 

 Heads 1 in. diam., few, terminal ; peduncles naked, and involucre densely 

 woolly ; bracts setaceous ; ray twice as long as the disk, very slender. J-'ruit 

 silky; pappus-hairs dirty white, few, unequal. DISTRIB. Europe from 

 Denmark southwards, N. Africa. Bitter, formerly used in dysentery. 



6. I. Pulicar ia, L. ; pubescent, leaves oblong-lanceolate sessile, 

 ligules very short, scales of pappus free. f. vulgaris, Gsertn. 



Moist sandy places, rare, from Hereford and Leicester to Dorset and Kent ; 

 fl. Aug.-Sept. Annual, slightly glandular. Stem 6-18 in., irregularly much 

 branched, leafy. Leaves 1-1 in., obscurely toothed, base with small 

 auricles. Heads ^-J in. diam., subsolitary, terminal ; peduncles short, 

 stout; invol. bracts subulate, glandular-pubescent; ligules erect. /'/</(> 

 terete, silky ; pappus-hairs few, irregular, dirty white. DISTRIB. Europe 

 from Gothland southwards, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia. 



17. BI'DENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD. 



Annual herbs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire or divided, 

 upper sometimes alternate. Heads solitary or corymbose, not or rarely 

 rayed, yellow ; invol. bracts 2-3-seriate, outer often leafy ; receptacle 

 flattish, with bracteoles under each flower. Ray-flowers, if present, in 



