218 COMPOSITE. [So.vrm-s. 



H. S. olera'ceus, L. ; annual, leaves sharply toothed entire or piima- 



tifid lanceolate i-amplexicaul, auricles rounded, inflorescence subumbellatr 



glabrous rarely glandular. 



Fields and waste places, ascending to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. June-Sept. 

 Stem 2-3 ft. , erect, usually branched, tubular, grooved. Leaves sessile or 

 petioled, bright green, glaucous, usually much lobed, often spinous-toothed. 

 Heads crowded, f-1 in. diam. ; pedunples sometimes cottony. Fruit pale 

 brown. DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. Africa, apparently wild in 

 S. Australia and New Zealand ; introd. in America. Sometimes used as a 

 pot-herb by peasants. 



Sub-sp. OLKRA'CKUS proper ; fruit ribbed and transversely wrinkled. 



Sub-sp. AS' PER, Hoffm. (sp.); leaves waved spinous, auricles suborbicular de- 

 flexed and recurved, fruit ribbed but not transversely wrinkled. 



41. MULGEDIUM, Cassini. BLUE SOWTHISTLE. 

 Erect, perennial, usually branching herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alter- 

 nate, entire or pinnatifid. Heads corymbose, blue; invol. bracts many, 

 imbricate, outer smaller ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted. Corollas all 

 ligulate ; anther-cells simple or tailed ; style-arms slender and upper part 

 of style pilose. Fruit compressed, ribbed, with a scabrid disk ; puppns- 

 hairs in many series, rigid, simple, dirty white. DISTRIB. N. temp, and 

 An tic regions ; species about 20. ETYM. mulgerf, from the milky juice. 

 1. M. alpi'num, Less. ; leaves sagittate lyrate or runcinate toothed, 

 terminal lobe very large deltoid. Sonchus atyrinus, L. ; S. cceruleus, Sm. 

 High wet alpine rocks in Forfar and Aberdeen, between 2,000 and 3,000 ft. ; 

 it Aug. Glabrous except the glandular-pilose inflorescence. Stem 3-4 ft., 

 simple, stout, succulent, grooved. Leaves 4-8 in. broad, membranous, nar- 

 rowed into ^-amplexicaul auricled winged petioles ; upper broadly ovate or 

 triangular-cordate, acute, shortly petioled. Heads 1 in. diam., pale blue, in 

 erect simple or branched racemes ; pedxincles ascending, bracteate ; in- 

 volucre subcylindric, bracts linear, fruit 4-gonous, slightly compressed. 

 DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, W. Siberia. 



42. HIERACIUM, L. IlAWKWEEI). 



Perennial herbs of various habit, often covered with glandular or stel- 

 late hairs ; juice milky. Leaves chiefly radical ; cauline alternate sessile. 

 Heads yellow, rarely orange, solitary corymbose or panirled ; invol. bracts 

 many, imbricate, unequal ; receptacle flattish, naked, pitted, margins of 

 the | pits toothed or hairy or fimbriate. Corollas all ligulate ; anther-cells 

 in it tailed; style-arms slender, and upper part of style pilose. 1-rnit, angled 

 or striate, not beaked ; pappus-hairs 1 -seriate simple, rigid, unequal, tawny 

 or brownish, brittle, often surrounded at the base with a short crennlate 

 ring. DISTHIB. N. temp, and Arctic regions; species 20 or more. ETYM. 

 ifpa, a hawk. 



In the following attempt to classify the British forms of Ifitradum, I have been 

 guided by Mr. J. G. Baker. I believe that there are no characters whereby 

 the 9 forms here regarded as species, from alpinum to bareaJe inclusive, can 

 be more than approximately defined ; of these 9 Bentham makes 4, and 

 Backhouse (regarding a considerable amount of constancy under cultivation 

 as a test of specific value) makes 30. Variable as the genus is, it is a curious 



