ECHIUM.] BORRAGINE^E. 247 



ORDER L. BORRAGIN E;E. 



Herbs, rarely shrubby below, usually hispid scabrid or pilose. Stems 

 terete. Leaves alternate, quite entire or sinuate ; nerves usually strong, 

 SAink above, veiy prominent below ; exstipulate. Flowers regular or irre- 

 gular, bracteate or not, in simple forked spiked or racemed often scorpioid 

 cymes, rarely axillary. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed or -partite, valvate in 

 bud. Corolla hypogynous, rotate tubular campanulatc or salver-shaped ; 

 throat often closed by hairs or hollow folds placed opposite the 5 lobes, 

 imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube or throat, 

 filaments usually short ; anthers dorsally inserted, 2-celled, bursting inwards, 

 often subulate. Disk 0, or confluent with a tumid receptacle. Ovary of 2 

 2-lobed 2-celled carpels connate at the very base ; style simple, arising from 

 the base of the carpels, stigma simple or 2-fid ; ovules solitary in each cell, 

 ascending, anatropous. Fruit : the 4 lobes of the ovary become indehiscent 

 1-seeded nutlets, inserted on the receptacle, which is continuous with the 

 base of the style. Seed straight or curved, attachment basal or ventral, 

 narrow or broad, often concave with thickened margins, testa membranous, 

 albumen or scanty and fleshy ; embryo straight or curved, cotyledons 

 foliaceous, radicle superior. DISTRIB. All climates, abundant in S. Europe 

 and E. Asia; genera 50; species 600. AFFINITIES. With Verbenacecc, 

 Labiatcc, and Convolvulacece. PROPERTIES. Mucilaginous and emollient; 

 often abounding in alkalies. Boots often yield purple or brown dyes. The 

 above character does not include the tropical suborder Heliotropece, chiefly 

 distinguished by the obscurely lobed ovary. 



TRIBE I. E'CHIE.ffi. Corolla irregular ; throat usually naked. Nutlets in- 

 serted by a flat base on the flat receptacle. Stamens exserted... 1. Echium. 

 TRIBE II. ANCHU'SEJE. Corolla regular ; throat closed with scales. Nut- 

 lets inserted by broad cup-shaped bases on the flat receptacle. 



Corolla rotate. Anthers exserted, conniving in a cone 1 *. Borrago. 



Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers included 2. Symphytum. 



Corolla salver-shaped 3. Anchusa. 



TRIBE III. LITHOSPER 3>IE.ffi. Corolla regular ; throat naked or closed 

 by scales. Nutlets inserted by small flat bases to the flat receptacle. 



Calyx- tube 0. Stamens included. Nutlets stony 4. Lithospermum, 



Calyx-tube short. Stamens protruding. Nutlets fleshy 5. Mertensia. 



Calyx- tube long, funnel-shaped. Stamens included. Nutlets smooth. 



6. Pulmonaria. 



Calyx -tube long. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets smooth 7. Myosotis. 



TRIBE IV. CYNOGLOS'SEJE. Corolla regular ; throat naked or closed with 

 scales. Nutlets inserted by broad ventral surfaces on an elevated receptacle. 



Calyx-lobes leafy. Nutlets granulate 7*. Asperugo. 



Calyx-lobes not leafy. Nutlets with hooked bristles 8. Cynoglossum. 



1. E'CHIUM, Tournef. BUGLOSS. 



Herbs, sometimes shrubby, usually large, stout, hispid or scabrous with 

 tuberous-based hairs. Leaves entire. Flowers white red purple or blue, 

 in spiked or panicled racemes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube cylindric or 

 funnel-shaped ; throat dilated ; limb unequally 5-lobed. Filaments unequal, 

 adnate to the corolla below, exserted. Style filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Nut- 



