SALIX.] SALICINE^E. 343 



2, Lambert La' na, Sm. (sp.); erect, leaves broaxler above, branches purplish 

 glaucous, stigmas subsessile short thick. 



S. ru'bra, Huds., a common osier-bed shrub, often becoming a tree 10 ft. high, 

 is a hybrid between purpurea and viminalis, with the leaves silky beneath, 

 filaments usually more or less free, and style longer ; it is a very variable 

 plant, and includes : 1, rulra proper ; filaments connate at the base only ; 

 2, <S. Forbyana, Sin. (sp.), filaments united to the top ; 3, 8. Helix, L. (sp.), 

 leaves often subopposite filaments united to the top : (bears fascicles of 

 diseased leaves, owing to the puncture of a Cynips, hence called Rose Willow. ) 



S. Doniana, Sm. (sp.), a native of dry places in Mid. and S. Germany, 

 described by Andersson as exactly intermediate between repens and purpurea, 

 was stated by the late G. Don to be a native of Forfarshire, no doubt 

 erroneously ; it may be known from purpurea by its yellow anthers, pedi- 

 celled capsule, and filaments more or less connate at the base only. 

 



ORDER LXXIV. CUPULIF'ER-ffi. 



Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. MALE fl. solitary or 

 crowded, or in catkins, bracteate or not. Sepals 5 or more, unequal or 0. 

 Stamens 5-20, adnate to the base of the sepals or of a concave bract ; 

 filaments slender, free or connate ; anthers fixed by the back, 2-celled, 

 bursting inwards. FEMALE fl. sessile in an involucre formed of free or 

 connate bracts. Calyx adnate to the ovary, about 6-toothed. Ovary inferior, 

 more or less completely 2-3- (rarely more) celled ; styles 2-3, stigmatose 

 above ; ovules 1 or2 collateral, erect or pendulous, auatropous. ./'VwtY(aglans) 

 indehiscent, coriaceous or bony, 1- rarely 2-seeded, seated on or enclosed in 

 the hardened or accrescent bracts (cupule). Seed large, testa thin often 

 adherent to the pericarp, albumen ; cotyledons thick, fleshy or farinaceous, 

 often grooved or folded ; radicle short, superior. DISTRIB. N. hemisphere, 

 from K. Africa, N. India, the Malay Is. and Darien northwards, Mts. 

 of S. Australia, New Zealand, and Chili ; genera 12 ; species about 260. 

 AFFINITIES. With Jiiglandece and Betulacece. PROPERTIES. Yield tannin, 

 many good woods, and esculent embryos. 



SUB-ORDER I. Querci'nese. MALE fl. Sepals 4-10. Filaments simple ; an- 

 ther-cells connate. FEMALE fl. 1-3 in an involucre of many bracteoles 

 which enlarges in fniit. Ovary 3-7-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, with 

 2 integuments. Fruit seated in a cupule. 



Male catkins slender. Styles 3, short 1. Quercus. 



Male catkins globose. Styles 3, filiform 2. Fagus. 



SUB-ORDER II. Coryle'se. MALE fl. Perianth 0. Stamens included between 

 2 bracteoles, filaments often 2-fid ; anther-cells separate, hairy at the tip. 

 FEMALE fl. in pairs ; bracteoles 2, enlarging in fruit. Ovari/ imperfectly 

 2-celled; ovules 2, pendulous from one placenta only, with two integuments. 

 Fruit enclosed in the coriaceous bracts. 



Female catkin minute, of few brown scales 3. Cor ylus. 



Female catkin large, of many leafy scales 4. Carpinus. 



1. QUER'CUS, Tournef. OAK. 



Trees ; buds scaly ; hairs often stellate. Leaves evergreen or deciduous ; 

 stipules deciduous. MALE fl. in catkins, with usually a caducous bract at 



