2 3 2 



Yearboo^ of Agriculture 1949 



When the timber or converted prod- 

 ucts may be examined. 



The right to reject any and all bids. 



Generally the highest bid is the one 

 to accept, but if the market is distant 

 and transportation costs high, a lower 

 bid from a nearer market may be more 

 profitable. Grading rules must be con- 

 sidered. Also, liberal scaling under a 

 low-value rule may offset high prices 

 under a precise rule. The reliability of 

 the buyer must be considered. 



SALES CONTRACTS are good insur- 

 ance. A written agreement setting forth 

 details of a sale of stumpage or con- 

 verted products, signed by the buyer 

 and the seller, will avoid misunder- 

 standing. 



In every agreement covering the sale 

 of stumpage, either verbal or written, 

 the following items should be specified 

 precisely: 



Description of the sale area. 



Estimate of amount of timber to be 

 cut. 



Kind of trees and approximate sizes. 



Sale price and provisions for pay- 

 ment before and during cutting. 



Guarantee of title to timber. 



What trees are to be cut those 

 marked with paint or blazed, the 

 diameter limit, and so on. 



Definition of merchantable trees. 



Time limit sale is to run ; when cut- 

 ting and removal of timber will stop. 



Place and method of measuring 

 log rule to use. 



Protection of forest from fire and 

 logging damage. 



Right of entrance and exit to the 

 forest. 



Payment of taxes. 



Method for settlement of any dis- 

 agreements that may arise. 



A performance bond, particularly in 

 larger sales. 



When converted products are sold, 

 all agreements, written or oral, should 

 state the method of measuring and 

 grading, quantity to be delivered, mer- 

 chantability limits, rate of delivery to 

 a specified point such as a railroad 

 siding, loaded on car, and so on, time 



limit for delivery or to fulfill contract, 

 and the time and method of payment. 



A timber-sale agreement takes little 

 time and effort and will result in ac- 

 cord between buyer and seller. 



Future sales are easier where past 

 sales have been satisfactory to both 

 parties. 



M. M. BRYAN grew up in Pennsyl- 

 vania, where his grandfather and his 

 great-grandfather had been active in 

 logging, lumbering, and sawmilling. 

 He is a graduate in forestry of Pennsyl- 

 vania State College. His work in the 

 Forest Service has included timber- 

 stand-improvement work, timber sur- 

 veys on the national forests, land 

 acquisition, assignments as ranger and 

 forest supervisor, flood-control surveys, 

 and State and private forestry. He now 

 is chief of the Woodland Management 

 Section in the Division of Cooperative 

 Forest Management. Much of the in- 

 formation in this article is based on a 

 bulletin, Managing the Small Forest, 

 by Mr. Bryan and other men in the 

 Department of Agriculture. 



Direction 

 of fall 



Saw cut 



Undercut 



Wed 9 



This diagram illustrates the felling of a 

 tree. Two cuts are made on opposite sides 

 of the tree; the undercut guides the direc- 

 tion of fall. (See page 241.) 



The drawings on the following pages show 



some of the methods and tools used in 



forest operations. 



