772 



Yearboo^ of Agriculture 1949 



17. Black spruce. 18. Balsam fir. 



19. Fraser fir. 



20. Northern white- 

 cedar. 



14. EASTERN HEMLOCK, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Canada hemlock, hemlock 

 spruce ) . 



Medium-sized to large tree of northeastern United States, adjacent Canada, and 

 Appalachian Mountain region. Bark brown or purplish, deeply furrowed into broad 

 scaly ridges. Needles short-stalked, flat, soft, blunt-pointed, % to % inches long, shiny 

 dark green, lighter beneath, appearing in two rows. Cones % to % inches long, brownish. 



Principal uses: Building construction and boxes and crates. Pulpwood. The bark 

 is a source of tannin. Ornamental and shade tree. (State tree of Pennsylvania.) 



KK. Needles 4-angled, stiff, sharp-pointed, without leafstalk, extending out 

 on all sides of twig SPRUCE (Picea). 



15. RED SPRUCE, Picea rub ens Sarg. (eastern spruce [lumber], Canadian spruce, yellow 

 spruce, West Virginia spruce; P. rubra (Du Roi) Link, not A. Dietr.). 



Medium-sized to large tree of northeastern United States, adjacent Canada, and 

 Appalachian Mountain region. Bark reddish brown, thin, scaly. Twigs hairy. Needles 

 4-angled, l /2 inch long, dark green, shiny. Cones 1^4 to \ l /2 inches long, light reddish 

 brown, shiny, with scales rigid, rounded, and with edges smooth or slightly toothed. 



Principal uses: Pulpwood. Boxes and crates, construction. Also furniture, millwork, 

 ladder rails. Christmas trees. Ornamental and shade tree. 



16. WHITE SPRUCE, Picea glauco. (Moench) Voss (eastern spruce [lumber], Canadian 

 spruce, skunk spruce, single spruce; P. canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P., not (Michx. ) Link) ; 

 variety: western white spruce, P. glauca var. albertiana (S. Brown) Sarg., Alberta white 

 spruce ) . 



Medium-sized tree of northeastern United States, Black Hills, and across Canada to 

 Alaska. Bark gray or brown, thin, scaly. Twigs without hairs. Needles 4-angled, 

 l /z to 94 inch long, blue green, of disagreeable odor when crushed. Cones slender, 1 /a 

 to 2 inches long, pale brown and shiny, with scales thin, flexible, rounded, and with 

 smooth margins. 



Principal uses: Same as No. 15. Important timber species of Canada. 



17. BLACK SPRUCE, Picea mariano, (Mill.) B. S. P. (eastern spruce [lumber], bog spruce, 

 swamp spruce ) . 



Small to medium-sized tree of bottom lands and bogs, northeastern United States 

 and across Canada to Alaska. Bark grayish brown, thin, scaly. Twigs hairy. Needles 4- 

 angled, ^4 to 54 inch long, pale blue green. Cones % to 1 /a inches long, dull gray brown, 

 with scales rigid, rounded, and slightly toothed. 



Principal uses: Same as No. 15. 



