9 I2 



ordinarily expressed as the amount (or 

 percentage) of the ground that would be 

 completely shaded by the forest if the sun 

 were straight overhead. 



CELLULOSE A complex, threadlike ma- 

 terial, the molecules of which are made up 

 of hundreds or thousands of sugar residues 

 present in all plant materials. Wood, cot- 

 ton, flax, and hemp fibers, and similar 

 fibers, are the main sources of cellulose. It 

 is the raw material for making paper, 

 films, artificial silk, cellulose lacquers. 



CHORE BOY To loggers, one who cleans 

 the sleeping quarters, cuts firewood, builds 

 fires, and carries wood. Synonyms: Flunky, 

 buck, bull cook, barroom man. 



CLEAR CUTTING A method of cutting 

 that removes all merchantable trees on the 

 area in one cut. 



CLIMAX A plant community that does 

 not change unless there is a change in the 

 climate. It is the culminating stage in 

 natural plant succession. The plants in a 

 climax community are favored by the en- 

 vironment which they themselves create, 

 and so are in balance with it. 



CLONE The aggregate of plants derived 

 from a single seeding by means of vegeta- 

 tive propagation such as the rooting of cut- 

 tings or slips, budding, or grafting. Every 

 member of a clone has the same heredity, 

 so that under uniform environment a group 

 of plants from a single clone is quite uni- 

 form. Well-known tree clones are the Lom- 

 bardy poplar, Roster's blue spruce, the 

 Irish yew, and the named varieties of fruits 

 and nuts. 



CORDUROY ROAD A road built of logs or 

 poles laid side by side across the roadway, 

 usually in low or swampy places. 



CROWN The upper part of a tree, in- 

 cluding the branches with their foliage. 



CRUISE A survey of forest lands to lo- 

 cate and estimate volume and grades of 

 standing timber; also, the estimate ob- 

 tained in such a survey. ("Scaling" is the 

 measurement of the volumes of individual 

 logs after the trees have been felled.) 

 CULL ( 1 ) A tree or log of merchant- 

 able size that is unmerchantable because 

 of defects. (2} The deduction from gross 

 volume made to adjust for defect. (3) To 

 cut a small portion of a stand by selecting 

 one or a few of the best trees. (4) To reject 



Yearbook^ of Agriculture 1949 



a tree, log, or board in scaling or grading. 



CUT The yield, during a specified 

 period, of products that are cut, as of grain, 

 timber, or, in sawmilling, lumber. 



DEADMAN ( 1 ) A timber to which the 

 end of a hawser or cable is secured. (2) 

 A log buried in the ground, by which a guy 

 line is anchored. 



DEFOLIATE To shed leaves; to lose 

 leaves; to cause a tree to lose its leaves. 



DIAMETER LIMIT A specified diameter 

 at breast height (4/2 feet above the 

 ground ) above which all trees are cut, under 

 a diameter-limit cutting agreement. 



DINGLE (1) The roofed-over space or 

 "alley") between the kitchen and sleeping 

 quarters of an old-style logging camp, com- 

 monly used as a storeroom. ( 2 ) The shed- 

 like structure for storing food supplies in 

 the newer type camps. 



DINKEY A small logging locomotive. 



DONKEY DOCTOR One who maintains 

 and repairs donkey engines, which are port- 

 able steam engines equipped with drum 

 and cable, used in cable logging, or gasoline 

 or Diesel engines similarly equipped. 



DRIVE Logs or timbers that are being 

 floated on a stream from the forest to a mill 

 or shipping point. It is also a verb. 



DRUPE A simple, fleshy, or pulpy fruit; 

 a stone fruit, as peach, plum, and cherry. 



DRY-KI Trees killed by flooding. Often 

 found in areas flooded by beaver dams. 



ECOLOGY The study of the effect of en- 

 vironment on plants and animals, and of 

 their influence on the environment. 



ENDEMIC Indigenous or native in a re- 

 stricted locality; confined naturally to a 

 certain limited area or region, in contrast 

 to epidemic. 



ENVIRONMENT All the external condi- 

 tions that affect the life and growth of a 

 plant or animal. Air, sunlight, rain, wind, 

 and the resultant temperature and moisture 

 are parts of the environment of plants. 



ENZYME An organic catalyst (or stimu- 

 lator) produced by an animal or plant 

 organism. It accelerates such chemical reac- 

 tions as splitting starch into sugar. Almost 

 all vital processes involve enzyme action. 

 Animal and plant enzymes are much alike. 

 EXOTICS Nonnative or foreign species, 

 introduced to a continent or geographic 

 region from outside its natural range. Scots 



