THE CHANGES OF INSECTS. 



57 



the larva closely resembles the perfect insect, except in 

 being without wings. Besides these varieties, the larvse 

 of some terrestrial insects are aquatic in their habits, as in 

 the case of the common gnat, the dragonfly, &c. 



The variety of character observable in the pupa is of the 

 more importance, from a scientific point of view, as it coin- 

 cides (though not without exceptions) with the principal 

 divisions of the insect tribes, and has, indeed, by some of 

 the best writers, been used to mark those divisions. 

 Thus all the beetles (Coleoptera), and all the insects of 

 the bee, wasp, and ant tribes (Hymenoptera) (figs. 27, 28), 



Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. 



Pupa of Bee 

 (Front). 



Pupa of Bee 

 (Profile). 



Pupae of Diptera. 



1. Pupa of Drone-fly still 



in larva skin. 



2. Ditto, with larva-skin 



removed. 



3. Ditto of Anthomyia. 

 I. Ditto of Mycetobia. 



Pupa of Sphinx- 

 Moth. 



have a pupa which is inactive and non-eating, but which 

 differs from those of the moths and butterflies (Lepidop- 

 tera) (fig. 29) and from some of the two-winged flies 

 (Diptera) (fig. 30) in being covered by a skin, which 

 allows the limbs to show separately, as the hand is 

 covered by a glove ; whereas in the butterflies and some 

 flies the whole pupa is enclosed in a simple case or 

 envelope. In these, therefore, the pupa in no degree 



