54 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY. 



Willow, White Elm, Box-elder, Bass wood, White Poplar, 

 Hackberry, Soft Maple, Canoe Birch, Yellow Locust, 

 Catalpa. Evergreen trees Red Cedar, Dwarf Mountain 

 Pine, Jack Pine, Bull Pine. White Spruce, Austrian Pine, 

 Scotch Pine, Douglas Spruce, Norway Pine, Norway 

 Spruce, and White Pine. 



Size of Trees. In the case of deciduous trees it is gen- 

 erally best to start with one-year-old thrifty seedlings, 

 although trees two years old may often be used to advan- 

 tage. The Oak, Walnut, and similar trees are better 

 started from seeds where they are to remain, and the 

 White Willow should be started from cuttings. Seedling 

 Elm, Ash, and Cottonwood may often be pulled from some 

 river bank or lake shore, or bought of nurserymen at a 

 very low figure, or they may be raised from seeds. White 

 Willow cuttings can generally be obtained from some 

 neighbor or from nurseries. In the case of conifers, trans- 

 planted seedlings should be used where they are to be 

 planted amongst grass or brush; but where best condi- 

 tions are found, two-year, or even one-year, seedlings may 

 be successfully set out. Whatever the source of any stock 

 that is to be planted, it should be thrifty and vigorous 

 and not weak or diseased. 



Methods of Planting. The methods used in prairie- 

 planting are much the same as for transplanting in the 

 nursery. In every case much pains should be taken to 

 have the soil in the best condition. It is generally better 

 to delay planting for a year than to attempt it in poorly 

 prepared soil. Tree plantings have been made on our 

 prairies by sowing tree seeds broadcast in autumn after 

 first carefully preparing the soil, but the plan is seldom 

 Successful. A start can, however, be made from seeds by 

 planting the seeds in hills either alone or with corn or 

 beans. In the latter case the tree seedlings often do very 

 well and do not interfere with the growth of the crop. The 

 seedlings are cultivated in the spring after the crop is re- 



