THE URO-GENITAL SYSTEM 113 



accumulated in the bladder and may or may not be 

 coagulated, and the entire bladder content will be colored 

 red with hemaglobin liberated from the disintegrated red 

 blood cells. 



Symptoms. Hematuria is evidenced by bloody 

 urine in which the entire urine is uniformly red. It is 

 distinguished from renal hemorrhage by the absence of 

 tube casts, and from urethral hemorrhages by the fact 

 that in urethral hemorrhage only the first urine voided is 

 red. 



Treatment. The exact cause should be identified 

 and removed. Urinary sedatives may also be of value. 



Dilatation 



Cystic dilatation is sometimes occasioned by urethral 

 obstruction or spasms of the muscles in the neck of the 

 bladder. The urine continues to be produced in the 

 kidney and accumulates in the bladder until its capacity 

 may be far in excess of the normal. 



Lesions. The characteristic lesion of dilatation con- 

 sists of distention of the bladder and attenuation of its 

 walls. In fatal cases the bladder ruptures and urine and 

 uriniferous odor are detected when the abdomen is opened, 

 and the rent in the bladder wall will also be evident. 



Symptoms. Distress, anuria, frequent attempts at 

 urination, and possibly some enlargement of the abdomen 

 characterize distended bladder. In distention succeeded 

 by rupture the foregoing symptoms would be succeeded 

 by stupor, vertigo, emesis, inappetence, diarrhea, clonic 

 muscular spasms, convulsions, and death. 



Treatment. Treatment is available only during 

 distention, and effort should be directed principally to 

 removing the cause. If it is a urethral obstruction in the 

 male and the obstruction is below the ischiatic arch an 

 artificial opening may be made into the urethra where it 

 passes over the ischiatic arch, giving temporary relief, 

 and if the obstruction cannot then be removed the tem- 

 porary opening in the urethra may be made permanent. 

 In valuable animals obstructive calculi may be removed 



