54 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 



50b. Kalmia glauca (Ait.) Swamp-laurel. 



Abundant in cold bogs, and very conspicuous when the pretty pink 

 flowers are in bloom in early summer. Easily known by the flattened 

 twigs and the revolute evergreen leaves, very glaucous on the lower 

 surface. 



51a. Ledum latifolium, (Ait.). Labrador Tea. 



A low bog shrub with revolute evergreen leaves covered with rusty 

 wool beneath. The Indians use the dried leaves as tea, and it ha& 

 been classed by white men as a very good substitute. 



52a. Empetrum nigrum (Linn.). Black Crowberry. 



A low evergreen shrub, found only in the extreme north, where it 

 forms dense beds in bogs or on rocky soil. The stems are much 

 branched, with very small thickly-crowded leaves and black fruit,, 

 which provides abundant food for the northern birds. 



53a. Frdxinus Americana (L.). White Ash. 



A fine tree, furnishing excellent timber, which is much used for imple- 

 ments, handles, etc. It is found throughout Ontario in good soil, 

 usually avoiding the swamps. The bark is light-colored and the 

 smooth leaves, mostly with seven leaflets, are very pale beneath. 



>3b. Frdxinus pubescens (Lam. ) Red Ash. Rim Ash. 



Similar to the last, but smaller, and found in the same districts, though 

 usually along lakes or rivers. The twigs, petioles and lower surfaces 

 of the leaflets are very downy, as is not the case with any other of our 

 Ashes. Common on the shores of the Severn River and Lake Musk oka. 



53c. Frdxinus viridis (Michx.). Green Ash. 



Specimens of the Red Ash show various degrees of pubescence a& 

 described above, and I have classed a smooth form found in similar 

 situations and with lower surfaces of leaflets green as belonging to this 

 species. It seems probable that these trees run into each other by 

 intermediate forms, and I have received contradictory determinations 

 (based on the fruit) from Canadian and American experts. 



53d. Frdxinus quadrangulata (Michx.). Blue Ash. 



A large tree found along the Lake Erie shore. The twigs are some- 

 what four-sided, and the leaflets finely serrate. 



53e. Frdxinus sambucifolia (Lam.). Black Ash. 



A large tree, sometimes forming extensive swamps. The bark is dark, 

 and the soft wood, though not equal to that of its relatives in the 

 eye of the lumberman, is a staple with the Indians, who, by splitting 

 and pounding, reduce it to the thin and even strips used for basket- 

 making. The leaflets are nearly sessile, sharply serrate, and usually 

 more numerous than in other species. 



