58 SYLVAN ONTARIO 



68b. Betulalntea (Michx.). Yellow Birch. 



A large forest tree, common everywhere. The leaves are not easily 

 distinguished from those of the last, but the yellow papery bark 

 generally a sufficient mark of this species. 



68c. Betula popiifolia (Marsh). American White Birch. 



An eastern species found rarely along the St. Lawrence. The chalky 

 white bark resembles that of our Paper Birch, but it peels much less 

 readily. Common in the Atlantic Provinces. 



68d. Be'tnla papyri/era (Marsh). Paper or Canoe Birch. White Birch. 



Common everywhere and familiar as the source of the paper-like birch- 

 bark and the Indian canoe. Young trees, with dark-reddish bark, may 

 be known by the downy paired leaves on rather long petioles and 

 lacking the aromatic taste of the yellow and black species. 



68e. Betula pumila (L.). Low Birch. 



A shrub in northern bogs known by the coarsely-toothed leaves on 

 short petioles and covered with brownish wool beneath. 



69a. Almis viridis (DC.). Green Alder. 



A shrub of the far north, probably not found in older Ontario. The 

 leaves are very finely serrate, and, unlike the next, are green on both 

 sides. 



69b. Alnus mcdna(Willd.). Black or Speckled Alder. 



A very common shrub or low tree along every stream or river. It 

 resembles the Birches in the speckled bark, but the leaves are less 

 tapering, somewhat glaucous beneath and not commonly found in pairs. 

 The fine veins connecting the parallel ribs give a ladder-like appear- 

 ance on the lower surface. 



70a. Cdrylus Americana (Walt.). Hazelnut. 



Not so common as the next, and found only in the southern parts 

 the Province. The husks of the nuts do not form a beak as in the 

 next, the leaves are finely woolly beneath, and the margins are finely 

 serrate without deep hollows between the vein-ends. 



70b. Ctirylus rostrdta (Ait.). Beaked Hazelnut. 



The common Hazel of northern Ontario, and found also throughout the 

 south. The edible nuts are covered by a bristly husk lengthened into 

 a narrow beak. The leaf -margins are hollowed between vein-ends, 

 and the surfaces are less downy than in the last. 



71a. Ostnja Viryinica (Willd.). Ironwood. Hop-Hornbeam. 



A small tree common throughout the Province, and somewhat resem- 

 bling the Elms. The bark is marked by long and narrow furrows. The 

 hard, heavy wood is often used for hand-spikes, binding-poles, etc. 



