136 FORM AND MATERIAL. 



the Spaniards to have been much further advanced in 

 civilization than the races occupying the other portions of 

 South America ; and there is a strong probability that they 

 are of a different origin from the races occupying Chili, 

 Patagonia, Brazil, and the great district washed by the waters 

 of the West Indian Sea. Science as yet cannot give any- 

 thing like an accurate idea of the time man has existed in 

 these widely-diversified countries, but we cannot go wrong 

 in accepting the statement of Darwin, who observes that " we 

 must admit that man has inhabited South America for an 

 immensely long period, inasmuch as any change in climate, 

 effected by the .elevation of the land must have been 

 extremely gradual." 



Another writer says of the pipes of the Indians of North 

 America : 



"Great variety of form and material distinguishes the 

 pipes of the modern Indians; arising in part from the 

 local facilities they possess for a suitable material from which 

 to construct them ; and in part also from the special style of 

 art and decoration which has become the traditional usage of 

 the tribes. The favorite red pipe-stone of the Coteau des 

 Prairies, has been generally sought after, both from its 

 easiness of working and the beauty of its appearance. A 

 pipe of this favorite and beautiful material, found on the 

 shores of Lake Simcoe, and now in my possession, measures 

 five inches and three-quarters in length, and nearly four 

 inches in greatest breadth, yet the capacity of the bowl 

 hollowed in it for the reception of tobacco is even less than, 

 in the smallest of the " Elfin Pipes." In contrast to this, a 

 modern Winnebago pipe recently acquired by me, made of the 

 same red pipe-stone, inlaid with lead, and executed with 

 ingenious skill, has a bowl of large dimensions illustrative of 

 Indian smoking usages modified by the influence of the 

 white man. From the red pipe-stone, as well as from the 

 lime stone and other harder rocks, the Chippeways, the 

 Winnebagos, and the Sioux, frequently make a peculiar class 

 of pipes, inlaid with lead. 



"The Chincok and Puget Sound Indians, who evince 

 little taste in comparison with the tribes surrounding them, 

 in ornamenting their persons or their warlike and domestic 

 implements, commonly use wooden pipes. Sometimes these 

 are elaborately carved, but most frequently they are rudely 



