JASMINE PIPES. 167 



made very great inroads upon this ancient burial-place, 

 carrying off a considerable ruin, and exposing the skeletons, 

 and bringing to light many interesting relics at almost every 

 spring-tide. Among these, many pipes have been washed 

 down. A similar circumstance has occurred on the seashore 

 at Hoy Lake, Cheshire, where several " fairy pipes " have 

 been found. 



" Notices of several discoveries occur. Dr. "Wilson says, in 

 the statistical accounts of Scotland, many of which are sug- 

 gestive of a pre-Raleigh period. Thus, ' in an ancient British 

 encampment in the parish of Kirk Michael, Dumfriesshire, 

 on the farm of Gilrig, a number of pipes of burnt clay were 

 dug up, with heads smaller than the modern tobacco-pipes, 

 swelled at the middle and straighter at the top. Again, in 

 the vicinity of a group of standing stones at Cairney Mount, 

 in the parish of Carluke Lanarkshire, a celt or stone hatchet, 

 elfin bolts (flint and bone arrow-heads), elfin pipes, numerous 

 coins of the Edwards and of later date, and other things are 

 all stated to have been found.' An example is also recorded 

 of the discovery of a tobacco-pipe in sinking a pit for coal, 

 at Misk, in Ayrshire, after digging through many feet of 

 sand. All these notes are pregnant with significant warn- 

 ings of the necessity for cautious discrimination in determin- 

 ing the antiquity of such buried relics." 



In Turkey the jasmine is cultivated for the purpose of 

 pipe smoking. Barillet describes the growing of the com- 

 mon jasmine near Constantinople. He says : 



"The object sought is a long straight stem, free from 

 leaves and side branches. For this purpose the plants are 

 grown quickly in a rich soil, and drawn up by being grown 

 in a sheltered situation, to which the sun has little access at 

 the sides, but only at the top. Pinching is resorted to, and 

 during the second year's growth one end of a thread is 

 attached to the top of the jasmine stem. This thread passes 

 over a pulley attached to the post to which this jasmine is 

 trained, and from it is suspended a weight, the effect of 

 which is to keep the stem always in a vertical direction. 

 When the jasmine stem is about two centimeters (say three 

 quarters of an inch) in diameter a cloth is wrapped around 

 it to prevent access of dust and of the sun's rays. Twice or 

 thrice in the year the stem is washed with citron-water, 

 which is said to give the clear color so much esteemed. 

 When the stem has acquired a length of some fifteen feet, it 



