ANCIENT AND MODERN WORKS. 13 



of tank 10 X 100 feet. Engineers, Andrews & Burnell, Freemont, 

 Neb. Contractors, Fremont Foundry & Machine Co. The 

 latter write that there was nothing the matter with the tank itself, 

 but that the foundations were built over a bed of quicksand, 

 and after filling and during a heavy gale of wind the tank settled 

 3 feet out of plumb. (Engineering News, May 13, 1895.) W. W. 

 Manual, Fremont Foundry & Machine Co.; W. D. Lovell, C.E. 



Red Oak, la. Abstract from article in Engineering News, 

 April 13, 1895: A 22Xioo-ft. stand-pipe built in 1895, after 

 completion and being filled was observed to lean some 30 inches 

 from the vertical. Concrete foundation about 8 feet deep; 25-ft. 

 diameter at base; 22-ft. top, upon clay, hard and uniform when 

 dry, but very soft when saturated. During construction clay was 

 thoroughly water-soaked. This stand-pipe was not placed con- 

 centrically on foundation. Load on clay, 2.6 tons per square foot. 

 W. D. Lovell, C.E. 



Lena, 111., Dec. 25, 1895. Uncomplete masonry tower failed 

 before tank was placed. Upper 20 feet of one side fell. Prob- 

 ably due to green (unseasoned) limestone masonry; rain, followed 

 by freezing weather. (Abstract Engineering News, Jan. 16, 1896.) 

 Contractors, U. S. Wind Engine & Pump Co., Batavia, 111. 

 From the latter: "The tower was designed by the U. S. Wind 

 Engine & Pump Co. to support a 65,ooo-gal. tank on stone 

 tower, giving elevation to bottom of tank of 100 feet above the 

 water-table. 



" The foundation was in heavy, clay soil; an excavation was 

 made 10 feet in depth; width of foundation at bottom 6 feet, 

 and at top 3 feet 6 inches. The main wall was carried up 

 from 3 feet in width at the water-table to 18 inches in width at 

 the top. The tower was about 90 per cent completed when 

 the accident happened. 



" The stonework was sublet to a firm of contractors, who com- 

 menced operations rather late in the fall, fifty feet of the tower 

 was completed when freezing weather set in. The limestone 



