ANCIENT AND MODERN WORKS. 2J 



caused the failures at Asheville, N. C., and Providence, R. I. 

 These conditions are not unlike those which sometimes occur 

 in a refrigerating-plant when a breakdown for a few hours may 

 allow a film of water to thaw between the ice mass and the sides 

 of the freezing-can. Under such circumstances the sides of the 

 cans are sometimes seriously bulged when the refrigeration is 

 resumed. These various possible or probable dangers from ice 

 action merely go to enforce the importance of so encasing stand- 

 pipes as to prevent the formation of ice within them. The 

 opinion of Prof. W. D. Pence, who reported the accident for the 



FIG. 6. GENERAL VIEW OF RULNS OF THE ELGIN STAND-PIPE. (Eng. \ews-) 



Engineering News, an abstract of which is here given, is that 

 the accident was probably due to the following causes: 



"(i) That the specifications for the Elgin stand-pipe were 

 faulty in the tests for plate metal, and that improper material 

 was used. 



'"' (2) That the working strains in the plate metal were exces- 

 sive. 



"(3) That the failure would probably have occurred even 



