MAN A PRIMATE 21 



and Bengal workmen weave with them. The 

 negro, in whom the big toe is freely movable, 

 seizes hold of the branches of trees with it when 

 climbing, just like the four-handed apes ' (4). 



Many men have lost their arms by accident 

 and have learned to use their feet as hands with 

 wonderful skill. Not many years ago there died 

 in Europe an armless violinist who had during 

 his lifetime played to cultured audiences in most 

 of the capitals of the world. Some of the most 

 accomplished of penmen hold their pen between 

 their toes. The man-like apes live to about the 

 same age as man, and all of them, like man, have 

 beards. The anthropoid beard, too, like the 

 human, appears at the age of sexual maturity. 

 The human beard often differs in colour from the 

 hair of the scalp, and whenever it does it has 

 been observed to be invariably lighter never 

 darker than the hair on the scalp. This is true 

 among all races of men. The same rule and the 

 same uniformity exists among anthropoids. The 

 races of mankind are divided into two primary 

 groups depending upon the shape of the head and 

 the character of the hair : the short-headed races 

 (Brachycephali), such as the Malays, Mongols, and 

 Aryans, with round or oval faces, straight hair, 

 and vertical profiles ; and the long-headed races 

 (Dolichocephali), with woolly hair and progna- 

 thous faces, such as the Papuans and Africa 

 races. The skin of the short-headed races is 

 orange or white, while the skin and hair of the 

 long-headed races are glossy black. 



