94 THE PHYSICAL KINSHIP 



developed independently of each other from 

 distinct species of semi-apes. The apes of the 

 New World have flat noses, and the nostrils are 

 far apart and open in front of the nose, never 

 below. The Old World apes have narrow noses, 

 the nostrils being close together and opening 

 downwards as in man. The tail of (nearly) all 

 New World apes is prehensile, being used regularly 

 as a fifth limb, while among Old World apes the 

 tail is never so used. The Old World apes all 

 have the same number and kinds of teeth as man 

 has, while the New World apes (excepting the 

 Brazilian marmosets) have an additional premolar 

 in each half-jaw, making thirty-six in all. The 

 catarhine apes are, therefore, structurally much 

 nearer to man than their platyrhine cousins. All 

 tailed apes probably sprang originally from a 

 single stirp of semi-apes, and spread over the 

 earth at a time when the eastern and western 

 land masses of the southern hemisphere were con- 

 nected with each other. The earliest remains of 

 apes appear in the Miocene Age. 



From the Old World tailed apes were developed 

 the tailless, man-like, or anthropoid apes the 

 gorillas and chimpanzees of Africa, and the orangs 

 and gibbons of Asia and the East Indies. The an- 

 thropoids arose from the tailed apes by the loss of 

 the tail, the thinning of the hairy covering, the 

 enlargement of the fore- brain, and by structural 

 adaptations to a more nearly vertical position. 

 No remains of anthropoids are found earlier than 

 the Pliocene Age. 



