THE ELEMENTS OF MIND 221 



generally and other animals. It is one of degree, 

 not of kind. The philosopher, the clodhopper, 

 and the ape, all use precisely the same methods 

 of reasoning, differing only in exactness and in 

 the materials of consciousness dealt with. 



Nearly all animals, from mollusks to men, 

 reason not once or twice in a lifetime, but the 

 most of them every day and every hour of their 

 existence. In fact, it would be impossible for any 

 animal addicted to moving about, and with a 

 delicate and easily wrecked organism, to long 

 survive in a world like this without that elasticity 

 of action which reason alone can impart. Since 

 they live in the same world-conditions as human 

 beings, and are seeking providence for substantially 

 the same wants, non- human beings manifest 

 reason in the same general directions as human 

 beings do in the location and construction of 

 their homes and fortresses, in the arrest of their 

 prey, in circumventing their enemies, in over- 

 coming obstacles and surmounting dangers, in 

 protecting and educating their young, in meet- 

 ing the emergencies of food and climate, in 

 the wooing of mates and the waging of wars, 

 and in the thousand other cases where they 

 are called upon in their daily wanderings and 

 doings to deal with novel and unprecedented 

 situations. 



When wild geese are feeding there is said to be 

 always one of them that acts as sentinel. This 

 one never takes a grain of corn while on duty. 

 When it has acted awhile it gives the bird next to 



