124 THE PSYCHICAL KINSHIP 



of the Pacific, and throughout the length and 

 breadth of America. They antedate human history 

 by thousands of years. They are the ruins of the 

 Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age of 

 mankind. In all of these remains there is evidence 

 of a slow but gradual improvement as we approach 

 the present. There are places an the earth where 

 the evolution of human implements, from the 

 rudest chipped stones to the comparatively finished 

 products of historic peoples, is epitomised in the 

 deposits of a few feet in depth. One of these 

 occurs at Chelles, a suburb of Paris, and was 

 made the subject of a paper by Professor Packard 

 in the Popular Science 'Monthly for May, 1902. 

 Here three distinct layers, containing human 

 remains entirely different in character from each 

 other, appear within a depth of 30 feet from the 

 surface. The lowest bed, a layer of pebbles and 

 sand, and probably preglacial in origin, contains 

 the famous Chellean ' axes,' rude almond-shaped 

 implements of chipped flint, and used by these 

 ancient inhabitants by being held in the hand. 

 In this bed are also found the bones of the straight- 

 tusked elephant, cave-bear, big-nosed rhinoceros, 

 and other species now extinct. The next bed is 

 the interglacial, and contains implements entirely 

 different from the one below it, among which are 

 skin-scrapers and lance-points. The animal re- 

 mains of this bed are also different from those 

 found in the bed below, and include animals like 

 the musk-ox and the reindeer, which were probably 

 driven to this southern clime from more northern 



