196 THE PSYCHICAL KINSHIP 



IV. The Elements of Human and Non-human 

 Mind Compared. 



The analysis of human mind and the compari- 

 son of its elements or powers with the powers 

 of non-human mind corroborate the conclusions 

 already arrived at through observation and deduc- 

 tive inference. The chief powers of the mind ol 

 man are sensation, memory, emotion, imagination, 

 volition, instinct, and reason. All of these faculties 

 are found in non-human beings, some of them 

 developed to a much higher degree than they are 

 in man, and some of them to a much lower. 



Sensation is the effect produced on the mind 

 when a sense organ is affected in some way by 

 external stimuli. Sensation is the lumber of the 

 mind, the raw material out of which are elaborated 

 all other forms of consciousness. The chief species 

 of sensation are those of sight, sound, smell, taste, 

 and feeling. The original sense was feeling, and 

 out of this sense were evolved the other four. 

 The organs of seeing, hearing, smelling, and 

 tasting are therefore modifications of the skin, 

 which is the organ of original sense. The fact 

 that in ail animals, down almost to the very 

 beginnings of life, sense organs exist, suggests that 

 sensation may be almost, if not quite, coextensive 

 with animal life. All mammals, birds, reptiles, 

 amphibians, and fishes have the same special sense 

 organs as man, and the organs of sight, sound, 

 taste, and smell occupy in all vertebrates the same 

 relative positions in the head* Birds see better 



