266 THE ETHICAL KINSHIP 



slaves for each different function in the house- 

 hold. There were the cubicularii, who acted as 

 housemaids ; the triclinarii, who waited at table ; 

 the culinarii, who acted as kitchen drudges ; and 

 the balnearii, who looked after the baths. Then 

 there were tonsores, or barbers ; criniflores, or hair- 

 crimpers ; calceatores, who took care of the feet ; 

 and lector es, whose business it was to read aloud 

 to their masters at meals, in the bath, or in bed. 

 The ostiariiis, who was sometimes chained in the 

 vestibule like a dog, was the porter; the invitator 

 summoned the guests ; and the servus ab hospitiis 

 looked after their lodgment. There was the slave 

 called the sandalio, whose sole duty was to care for 

 his master's sandals ; and another, called the nomen- 

 clatory whose exclusive business it was to accom- 

 pany his master when he went upon the street, 

 and give him the names of such persons as he 

 ought to recognise. The common punishment 

 for a refractory slave was beating. If the runaway 

 were caught, as he could hardly fail to be, since 

 there were extremely heavy penalties for harbour- 

 ing or assisting him, he was either branded or had 

 an iron collar like a dog's welded around his neck, 

 or his legs were fettered, or, in exaggerated or 

 repeated cases of offence, he was at once turned 

 into the arena or otherwise put to death. If he 

 attempted to take personal vengeance upon his 

 master for any wrong whatsoever, his whole family 

 shared his fate, and the regular form of capital 

 punishment for a slave was crucifixion under the 

 most ignominious and agonising circumstances (6). 



