VETERINARY DENTAL SURGERT. 57 



rows, between the sixth grinders, z|; center of 

 rows, 1 1; first grinders, \\. Upper tusk from first 

 grinder, 2j; from third incisor, \\\ lower tusk from 

 grinder, 3^; from incisor, . Space between the up- 

 per tusks, 2; between the lower, if. Space between 

 the upper corner incisors, measuring from center of 

 teeth, 2; lower, i^|; between the upper dividers, ij; 

 lower, if." 



PERMANENT DENTITION OF THE OX. 



The ox has thirty-two permanent teeth ; eight in- 

 cisors, all in the lower jaw, and twenty-four molars, 

 twelve in each jaw. Cattle, like horses, experience 

 more or less difficulty while the process of the second 

 dentition is taking place, although in a more modified 

 degree. This is owing, to a certain extent at least, 

 to the absence of canine teeth, which are a source of 

 great trouble to the horse. 



The permanent teeth are much larger and 

 stronger than the temporary ones. The incisors are 

 wide and have a well marked neck; as age increases 

 and the wearing continues they gradually get 

 shorter and shorter, the space slowly widens, all 

 diameters diminish, and by the time the ox is twelve 

 or fourteen years old, there only remains a stub 

 whose table surface is nearly or entirely round, and 

 very short. This is gradually pushed up by the con- 

 traction of the gums, and, in very aged animals 

 entirely disappears, so that they become toothless so 



