VETER1NART DENTAL SURGERT. 175 



any other circumstances which are calculated to in- 

 duce the vice. Well fed vigorous colts sometimes 

 get fretful and bite or lick the manger, eventually 

 contracting the habit. With some animals it seems 

 to be natural ; they evidently derive much pleasure 

 from the habit. 



The effects of cribbing are various. The teeth 

 are worn away and occasionally broken, so much so 

 in aged horses that they graze with difficulty. 

 The grain is often wasted by dropping from the 

 mouth into the manger or upon the floor. Diges- 

 tion is impaired through the loss of saliva which 

 escapes. The stomach and intestines become dis- 

 tended with gas inducing colic, chronic indiges- 

 tion and sometimes acute indigestion, lowering 

 the condition of the animal and eventually produc- 

 ing death. 



All animals however do not suffer from colic and 

 indigestion; indeed, some remain healthy, fat and 

 sleek notwithstanding they may be addicted to the 

 vice in the severest form. 



Wind-sucking constitutes another vice equally as 

 bad if not worse than cribbing. It consists in simply 

 gathering air into the mouth, extending the head, 

 arching the neck, gathering the feet together and 

 gulping down the air. It differs from cribbing in 

 that the animal does not grasp any object with the 

 teeth. 



