114 Veterinary Elements. 



the face is called a ratch, and if the white spreads over 

 the face the term bald is often applied; "snip" refers to 

 a little patch of white on either lip; "white stocking" 

 and "white sock" refer to markings on the limbs, the 

 former np to the knee or hock, the latter to the fetlocks. 

 Gray horses are very liable to what is named Melanesia 

 black tumors, we may term them, and although re- 

 moval is sometimes performed, unless they interfere with 

 the health of the animal they should be let alone. 



The hair grows according to the climate, season, food, 

 etc., and is shed at certain seasonsof the year; in poultry 

 the condition is known as "moulting," the feathers in 

 fowl representing the hairs in animals. The character 

 and quality of the hair varies with the breeding, e. g., 

 in Galloway and Angus cattle. Showmen of horses, 

 cattle and sheep, blanket their charges to improve the 

 condition of the skin anol hair; poultryrneu confine their 

 birds to the shady places- to avoid "brassiness of the 

 plumage" due to the sun's rays. The hair preserves 

 the skin from wet, cold and the direct action of the 

 sun's rays. Intimately related to the hair are those 

 structures known as the horns of cattle and sheep, the 

 chestnuts of horses and asses, and the coverings of the 

 foot, termed hoofs in the horse, ass and mule, and claws 

 in sheep, swine, cattle, etc. 



The horns vary in size and shape according to the breed 

 and sex, they grow from the matrix at their base; they 

 are more or less hollowed out, the frontal sinuses being 

 continued into them. 



The Chestnuts. These bare, horny structures are said 

 by some people to represent an evolutionary stage 



