118 



Veterinary Elements. 



surface of the wall should be smooth naturally, and 

 straight from the coronet to the ground. 



In the show-ring the artifices of the groom often come 

 into play for those horses having a poor or broken wall, 

 in such cases the broken space is filled with wax or the 

 entire foot is coated with gutta-percha, ends of nails 

 being inserted in the material to further aid in the decep- 

 tion, consequently it is well in all cases to examine 

 thoroughly excessive smoothness of the horn in old 

 horses being always open to suspicion. 



F- - 



K.4. 



STRUCTURES OF THE FOOT. 



(Copyrighted.) 



L. C., Lateral cartilage. H., Heel. Q., Quarter. T., Toe. 1., Long pas- 

 tern bone. 2., Short pastern hone. 3., Pedal bone, just behind which can 

 be seen the navicular bone. N. J., Navicular joint. F., Frog. The white 

 portion marked S is the sensitive part of the foot, including the sensitive 

 laminre, sole and frog. C., The coronary substance (or band). I., The hoof 

 horn (insensitive). 



The sole is a thick plate of horn on the under surface 

 of the foot, filling the space between the bars and lower 

 edge of the wall. Its upper surface is convex and receives 

 the sensitive structure above, its lower one is concave, 

 depending of course on the animal. The tendency of 



