The Common Farm Operations. 205 



dreaded in rains, is avoided. Another method lauded 

 by some, and which has been tried at the Station (W. 

 E. S. ) is to tie a strong cord around the sac or cod as 

 close to the body and as tight as possible, three days 

 later the sac and stones are cut away about an inch below 

 the cord and an antiseptic applied to the cut end. 



Caponizing is the operation performed in removing 

 the testes of poultry. 



Spaying or castration of females may be performed in 

 the sow, bitch and cow, rarely in the mare unless a bad 

 (vicious) actor (e. g., switcher and kicker) in harness, 

 the surgeon should be called to operate on mares, and 

 unless the stockman is expert on the heifers also. Fe- 

 males thus operated on fatten more re.adily and are not 

 subject to the periods of heat; if a sow it is placed on 

 its right side and secured, the upper hind leg being 

 stretched backwards, an incision is made vertically just 

 below the region of the loin, the hand passed in up 

 towards the back and the ovary felt for, when found is 

 drawn towards the opening, thus drawing the horn of the 

 uterus also, rendering the other ovary easy to get in 

 young sows, both ovaries are drawn out and snipped off 

 at once, if old sows only one is exposed at a time and its 

 ovary removed. The operation may be performed on 

 the cow or heifer in the standing position, the incision 

 being made through the upper left flank at the spot 

 selected for tapping a cow, a strong scantling being slung 

 parallel to the cow at a level a little above the knee and 

 hocks, the head should be fastened securely and the bull- 

 dog may be inserted in the nose. The incision is made 

 with a knife through the skin, the operator can with his 



