484 OPIUM MORPHINE 



DOSES, etc. Of opium, horses take 3 SS - to 39- 5 cattle, 

 3ij. to 3iv. ; sheep, grs. x. to grs. Ix. ; pigs, grs. v. to 

 grs. xx. ; dogs, gr. i. to grs. vj. ; cats, gr. ss. to grs. ij. Of 

 morphine salts, horses and cattle take grs. iii. to grs. xv. ; 

 sheep, gr. ss. to grs. ii. ; pigs, gr. ^ to gr. ss. ; dogs, gr. ^ 

 to gr. J, given in pill or dissolved in diluted spirit, slightly 

 acidulated either with hydrochloric or acetic acid. In canine 

 practice lozenges containing gr. ^ opium, or gr. ^ mor- 

 phine hydrochloride, will be found convenient. Morphine 

 is unsuitable for cats. For hypodermic and intratraeheal 

 injections, the B.P. Injeetio Morphinse Hypodermiea, 

 containing 5 grains morphine tartrate in 110 minims, 

 should be used. Stronger solutions of the acetate and 

 hydrochloride are also prepared. Tablets, lamellae, pellets, 

 and discs, containing from gr. J to several grains of a 

 morphine salt are very convenient, especially for hypo- 

 dermic use. 



Tolerance alike of opium and morphine is as quickly 

 acquired in the lower animals as in man. It is increased 

 not only by frequent use but by acute pain. Special suscep- 

 tibility is observable in young animals, in which, accordingly, 

 reduced doses must be used. Although opium and morphine 

 resemble each other, the crude drug is more apt to cause 

 gastric disturbance and constipation, while the alkaloid, 

 when used hypodermically or intratracheally, is more 

 effectual in arresting pain. 



The several actions are altered, intensified, or repressed 

 by combination with other drugs. Hypnosis and quieting 

 of nervous excitability are determined by combining the 

 opiate with cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, and bromides ; 

 antispasmodic effects, by conjunction with ethers or volatile 

 oils ; the checking of intestinal secretion, by prescription 

 with lead acetate, tannic or sulphuric acid ; sudorific action 

 is promoted by ipecacuanha, pilocarpine, ammonium acetate 

 solution, diluents, and warm clothing ; anodyne properties 

 are increased by combination with atropine, and occasionally 

 with aconite or prussic acid ; while in malarial fevers, 

 Indian and American practitioners prescribe opiates with 

 quinine. 



Veterinarians do not use so many preparations as are 



