580 POINTS FOR PURCHASERS OF CATTLE. 



These points indicate gentleness of disposition. The horns should 

 be small, tapering, yellowish and glistening. The neck should be 

 small, thin and tapering from the head, but thickening when it 

 approaches the shoulder. The dewlap (the part which hangs from 

 the throat, and which laps or licks the dew when grazing) should be 

 small. The forequarters rather small when compared with the 

 hindquarters. The form of the barrel should be large and each rib 

 project further than the preceding one up to the loins. She should 

 be formed well and broadly across the hips and rump. Some judges 

 think that a depression of the back, along the middle part, some - 

 times called " sway -back," is a good point, especially when the 

 bones of the hindquarters are rather loosely put together, leaving 

 the rump of great width, and the pelvis (the bony structure which 

 confines the external urinary and generative organs) large, and the 

 organs and milk-vessels lodged in the cavities largely developed. 

 The skin on the rump should be loose and flexible. This point is 

 of great importance, as when the cow is in low condition, or very 

 poor, it will be harder and closer than it would otherwise. The 

 udder is of special importance it should be large in proportion to 

 the size of the animal, and the skin tine, with soft, loose folds, 

 extending well back, capable of great expansion when filled, but 

 shrinking to a small compass when entirely empty. It must be free 

 from lumps in every part." 



Marks of a Good Milker The following is the celebrated 

 Dr. Guenon's milk test, by means of what is called the "Escutcheon." 

 This may be distinguished by the hair, which will have an upward 

 tendency, on the udder and above, taking a course opposite to that 

 covering the other parts of the skin, the color being less bright than 

 that of hair on other parts of the body. The Escutcheon begins at 

 the centre between the four important teats on the udder. Fart of 

 its hairy covering comes forward beneath the belly from the navel to 

 the udder, starting downward upon the legs and hocks; thence 

 rising upon the legs to the middle of the under surface of the thighs 

 and upward on the udder, sometimes continuing as high as the 

 top of the entrance to the urinary organs. The Escutcheon can be 

 relied upon to indicate: 1. By its extent, the capacity for 

 milk giving. 2. By the fineness of its hair and the color of the 

 skin, the quantity and quality of the milk. If the Escutcheon be 

 large, the milk capacity of the udder will also be large and the 

 milk yield abundant, and vice versa. In cows which are the best 

 milkers, the hair of the Escutcheon is fine and the skin from the 

 crutch to the urinary quarter, yellowish in color, and releasing slight 

 scales of a fatty character when scratched. Cows which show this 

 peculiarity in the "twist" and on the insides of the ear can be relied 

 on for milk rich in butter and cheese, whatever its quantity. If 

 the Escutcheon have white skin, and the hair is long and thin, the 

 milk will be thin and watery. When the cow is a persistent milker 

 the hair on the Escutcheon will form a shape somewhat like that of 



