678 VINEYARD CULTURE. 



locality, as to the most suitable for the conditions he has to deal 

 with. Climate and surroundings differ so essentially in various 

 parts of the country that no general advice can be given on this sub- 

 ject. Vines may be propagated by cutting, grafting and layering in 

 the manner elsewhere described. 



Planting Yines may be set out from five to six feet 

 apart, and in rows eight feet apart. For the convenient, econo- 

 mical and thorough cultivation by the plough, they may be laid out 

 in quincunxes, which will allow the plough to be used in three 

 different directions. Plants are better laid out in rows north and 

 south, so that they will not shade each other at mid-day, but this, of 

 course in many cases, has to be governed otherwise by the shape of 

 the ground. 



Pruning the Vine The pruning of the vine must have 

 for its object the giving of such shape to the vines as will subject 

 them completely to the action of the sun, facilitate the cultivation 

 of the ground at all times and over all of its surface, and prevent 

 the fruit-bearing wood from being too far removed from the parent 

 stock. An extended experience with the vine has induced some of 

 our best cultivators to adopt fall pruning, which they pursue with 

 very good effect. The cuttings are of greater value, and may either 

 be planted at once, or at least stored in suitable cellars, and kept in 

 better condition than if left upon the vine exposed to the incle- 

 mency of the winter. Those who bury their vines to protect them 

 from the frost will find it a great advantage to have them trimmed 

 first. To avoid injury to the last eye in the canes, care should be 

 taken to leave an inch or more of the internode beyond the outer 

 Dud. This is a good rule in all winter pruning. Wood must never 

 be cut when frozen. Most vine-dressers practice trimming in any 

 naild weather during the winter, whether in February or March; but 

 jf done after the sap has started, or is about to start, the vine will 

 bleed profusely. 



Pyramidal Grape Vine Worm This is a special enemy 

 of the grape, and is named for and distinguished by having a pyra- 

 midal hump near the end of its body. It is also found on the 

 raspberry. It is found on the vines in May and descends to the 

 ground in June, where it spins a cocoon, whence after going 

 through the chrysalis state it becomes a moth, with front wings 

 gray; hind wings a lustrous copper color. The worm is a delicate 

 green color marked with pale yellow lines or spots. This worm is 

 easily kept in check by hand picking. 



Grape Koot Borer This insect is a moth and not a beetle. 

 It bears , very close resemblance to the common peach borer, both 

 in habit and in the size and general appearance of the grub, but it 

 is a somewhat larger insect and the moths differ materially. It con- 

 fines itself almost entirely to bark and sap-wood, and the effects of 

 its work are consequently more fatal to the vine. When it is once 

 ascertained that the borers are at work on a vine, they may be des- 



