680 YINEYAKD CULTURE. 



not so easily distinguished, as they bear a close resemblance to the 

 rotting ones. Care should be taken in gathering the infested 

 grapes, for the worm being very active wiggles away and easily es- 

 capes. 



The Grape Root Borer The grubs of this insect in gen- 

 eral appearance resemble those of the peach-tree borer, and work 

 in the same way underground, but destroy the roots by gnawing in- 

 to them, and are sometimes said to be shielded from outward appli- 

 cations by a coating of bark. Little can be done in the way or ex- 

 tirpating these underground borers, when their presence is only in- 

 dicated by the approaching death of the vine. Still, every vineyard- 

 ist should make it a rule to search for them wherever they find vines 

 suddenly dying from any cause unknown to them, and upon finding 

 such a borer the vine should at once be cut out and destroyed. The 

 beetle, which may frequently be found during the summer months, 

 should also be ruthlessly sacrificed wherever met with. Do not 

 plant a vineyard on land covered with old oak stumps, nor use oak 

 stakes where those made of cedar can be had conveniently. 



Grape Cane Gall Curculio The canes of the Concord 

 vines are frequently found to have galls on the last year's growth, in 

 the shape of an elongated knot or swelling which is generally situ- 

 ated above or below a joint. This was formed the previous fall 

 while the tender cane was growing, and has almost invariably a 

 longitudinal slit on one side, dividing that side into two cheeks, 

 which have a rosy tint. The gall is caused by a little footless, white 

 cylindrical larva which measures 0.28 of an inch, and has a yellow- 

 ish head, sparsely covered with minute white bristles. This grub 

 indeed bears a very close general resemblance to that of the potato 

 stalk weevil, and when taken out of its gall immediately curls up. 

 It is of a uniform light yellowish brown without any markings 

 whatever. If these gall-bearing canes are cut off and burned dur- 

 ing the winter there need be little fear of this insect's work. 



Grape Phylloxera There are two chief types of this pest, 

 the one gallcecola, living in galls on the leaves ; the other radicicola, 

 on swellings on the roots. 



The first may be detected by the galls on the leaves in the early 

 spring, which are fleshy swellings on the under side of the leaves, 

 usually those nearest the ground, about the size of a pea, the normal 

 green being flushed with red where exposed to the sunlight. On 

 opening the gall, the mother louse may be found at work. They 

 are enormously prolific. As summer advances, they frequently be- 

 come prodigiously multiplied, completely covering the leaves with 

 their galls, and settling on the tendrils, leaf-stalks and tender 

 branches, where they also form knots and rounded excresences. In 

 such a case, the vine loses its leaf prematurely. Usually, however, 

 the natural enemies of the louse seriously reduce its numbers by 

 the time the vine ceases its growth in the fall, and the few remain- 

 ing lice, finding no more succulent and suitable leaves, seek the 



