VINEYABD CULTURE. 681 



roots. Thus, fry the end of September, the galls are mostly deserted, 

 and those which are left are almost always infested with mildew, 

 and eventually turn brown and decay. On the roots, the young 

 lice attach themselves singly or in little groups, and thus hibernate. 



The radicicola or root-inhabiting phylloxera, present them- 

 selves in two forms. One exists in the creases, sutures, and 

 depressions which the knots of the roots afford. The other form 

 are winged. At first, and for some time after the moult, the color 

 of the body of the new-fledged phylloxera is of a uniform bright, 

 deep yellow, with the wings white and rather opaque, and the eyes 

 brown. The dark thoracic band and more diaphanous and smoky 

 nature of the wings are gradually acquired in the course of a day. 

 The wings when highly magnified are seen to be thickly covered 

 with minute hooks. These winged insects are most abundant in 

 August and September, but may be found as early as the first of 

 July, and until the vines cease growing in the fall. 



KEMEDIES The leaf-lice may be controlled with sufficient 

 ease by a little care in destroying the first galls which appear, and 

 in pruning and destroying the terminal growth of the infested vines 

 later in the season. The root-lice are not so easily eradicated, and 

 no remedy has yet been discovered even in France, after ex- 

 perimenting under the stimulus of large national reward which 

 gives entire satisfaction or is applicable to all conditions of soil. 



Submersion, when practicable, and when it is total and suffi- 

 ciently prolonged, is a perfect remedy. The best season to sub- 

 merge is in autumn (September and October), when the lice are yet 

 active and the vines have ceased growing. Submergence for twenty- 

 five to thirty days, at this season, will generally rout the lice. A 

 submergence of forty to fifty days, in winter, is required. A vine- 

 yard should never be inundated for a longer period than two days 

 in summer, or during growth; and though these brief inundations 

 at that season affect only a few lice near the surface, they are im- 

 portant auxiliaries to the more thorough fall or winter submersion, 

 as they destroy the few lice which are always invading a vineyard 

 in infested districts. These summer inundations will oe necessary 

 only after the winged insects begin to appear; and three or four, 

 each lasting less than two days, made between the middle of July 

 and the fall of the leaf, will effect the end desired. 



On the beet hilly vine land, thorough submersion is impractic 

 able ; but on our bottom lands some of the grapes which fail now 

 may be made to succeed by its means. 



Carbolic acid, added to water at the rate of about one per cent., 

 applied by pouring into deep holes made by a crowbar or auger, has 

 given satisfactory results; and a thorough application of soot has 

 also been strongly advocated by those wlio have tried it. A thor- 

 ough mixing with the soil of a cheap carbolic powder, has given 

 good results. 



