STAINING OF CAPSULES 109 



Gonococcus. Diplococcus meningitidis. 



Diplococcus catarrhalis. Bacillus typhosus. 



Spirillum of Asiatic cholera. Bacillus coli communis. 



Spirillum of fowl cholera. Bacillus of dysentery. 



Spirillum of Metchnikoff. Bacillus of hog cholera. 



Spirillum of Finkler and Prior. Bacillus of influenza. 



Bacillus of black-leg. Bacillus of glanders. 



Bacillus necrophorus. Bacillus pyocyaneus. 



Bacillus of malignant edema. Bacillus mucosus capsulatus. 



Bacillus of pneumonia (Friedliinder). Bacillus of bubonic plague. 

 Spirochetae of relapsing fever. 



Acid-fast Bacteria. There is a group of bacteria known as acid- 

 fast bacilli. These take the stain with great difficulty, but hold it 

 even in the presence of dilute acids after they have once been stained. 

 To dye them it is necessary to prepare a very strong staining solution 

 and combine it with a substance which acts as a mordant. This 

 strong staining solution, if used for a short time, must be boiling hot; 

 otherwise, at ordinary or incubator temperatures it must be used for 

 thirty to sixty minutes or longer. 



Ziehl's Carbol-fuchsin. The staining fluid known as Ziehl's carbol- 

 fuchsin is used in staining the following acid-fast bacilli, viz., the 

 tubercle, leprosy, smegma, Moeller's grass, and Johne's cattle disease 

 bacillus. 



ZiehPs Carbol-fuchsin: take 



1. Basic fuchsin in crystals . . .' ,.- ... . . 1 gram 



2. Absolute alcohol 10 c.c. 



3. Water ; V . . . . . 100 c.c. 



4. Carbolic acid (95 per cent.) 5 c.c. 



Dissolve No. 1 in No. 2 and No. 4 in No. 3 and mix. (For the use of this stain see 

 under tubercle bacillus.) 



Some other special stains are given in the chapters on the different 

 pathogenic bacteria for which they have been particularly devised or 

 for which they are specially valuable. 



The following are special methods to bring out differential parts 

 of bacteria, such as capsules, spores, flagella, etc. 



Staining of Capsules. Johne's Method. 



1. Stain cover-glass in a warm 2 per cent, solution of gentian violet 

 for one to two minutes. 



2. Wash in water. 



3. Apply 1 to 2 per cent, watery solution of acetic acid for ten 

 seconds. 



4. Wash in water. 



5. Examine cover-glass mounted in water not in Canada balsam. 

 Friedldnder 's Method. 



1. Apply to fixed cover-glass preparation a 1 per cent, watery 

 solution of acetic acid for two minutes. 



2. Wash in water and dry between filter paper. 



3. Stain with anilin-water gentian-violet solution for a few seconds. 



4. Wash in water, dry between filter paper, and mount in Canada 

 balsam 



