260 BACILLUS OF SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX 



old or over are injected with a full dose of vaccine; that is, 1 c.c. of 

 the solution. Under this age the dose may be reduced to one-half 

 or three-fourths of a full dose, according to the size and development 

 of the animal. Less than one-half dose should never be injected. 

 In determining the dose for each animal, more consideration should 

 be given to the size and. development of the animal than to its exact 

 age. The most convenient place for inoculation is on the side of the 

 neck, just in front of the shoulder, where the skin is loose and rather 

 thin. If the animals are secured in a dehorning chute, it is easier to 

 vaccinate them on the side of the chest just behind the shoulder. 

 Steps in the Vaccination Process. 1. Sterilize outfit by boiling. 



2. Place the contents of one packet in the mortar and add a few 

 drops of water. 



3. Work the mixture well with the pestle. 



4. Add two to five syringefuls of water, according to the size of 

 the packet, and stir well. 



5. Place cotton in glass funnel and moisten with water. 



6. Filter vaccine into the glass or bottle. 



7. Secure the animal to be injected. 



8. Insert the needle through the skin. 



9. Fill the syringe and adjust the screw regulator on the piston. 

 If the first animal is a yearling or older, place regulator No. 1 on the 

 syringe. 



10. Fit the peg of the syringe into the cap of the needle and inject 

 the dose. 



11. Withdraw syringe and needle together. If the syringe is 

 removed from the needle before the latter has been drawn out of the 

 skin some of the injected vaccine will flow back through the needle 

 and be lost. In this case the animal does not get a full dose, and will 

 consequently be insufficiently protected. 



Black-leg Toxins and Antitoxins. If cultures of the bacillus of 

 emphysematous anthrax in fluid culture media are filtered through 

 a Pasteur-Chamberland or Berkefeld filter, soluble toxins cannot be 

 demonstrated in the filtrate. Grassberger and Schattenfroh, however, 

 have devised a somewhat complicated method of growing the organism 

 in particular media and filtering its cultures through powdered 

 chalk in such a manner that a germ-free filtrate containing a 

 powerful toxin is obtained. The properties of the latter are 

 described as follows: The toxin seems to be pathogenic for all 

 warm-blooded animals; its effect seems to be the same, calculated 

 per body weight of animal in the case of cattle, sheep, guinea-pigs, 

 rabbits, monkeys, dogs, hedgehogs, mice, chickens, and pigeons. 

 Cold-blooded animals are not susceptible. After injection of a 

 single fatal dose into a guinea-pig, a painful, doughy or elastic 

 swelling, which spreads after eight to ten hours, is formed at the 

 place of injection. The skin early shows hemorrhages. There is first 

 a slight elevation of temperature, which later becomes subnormal. 



