HISTORICAL REMARKS 325 



"The second kind of pulmonary consumption is due to overwork, 

 and the third kind to an overfilling of the bone marrow and blood- 

 vessels, with watery mucus and bile." 



The treatment recommended by Hippocrates is chiefly dietetic and 

 hygienic asses', cows', and goats' milk, boiled or raw, honey, etc. 

 He also recommends a good deal of walking in the open air, with care 

 not to take cold. In spite of treatment, Hippocrates says the disease 

 generally takes a fatal course. 



It appears that the ancient Hebrews recognized tubercular lesions 

 in cattle, because the Talmud refers to morbid changes found in 

 slaughtered cattle, and it interdicted the use of meat from animals 

 with such ulcerative, evidently tubercular, lesions. 



After the writings of Hippocrates little progress was made in the 

 study of consumption for many hundreds of years, but from time to 

 time the belief that it was an infectious disease sprang up, only to be 

 forgotten again. 



Silvius and Morgagni were the first to point out the inter-relation 

 between the formation of nodules and their subsequent breaking 

 down and ulceration in the production of pulmonary phthisis. Silvius 

 considered the disease contagious. Bayle and Laennec were the 

 first investigators of tuberculosis who recognized the importance of 

 caseous material in the natural history of the disease. Laennec recog- 

 nized the identity of tuberculosis and what was called scrofulosis. 

 Virchow established the anatomical diagnosis upon the basis of the 

 poorly vascularized inflammatory nodule, which later on undergoes 

 caseation. Virchow, however, did not believe tuberculosis in man 

 and pearl diseases in cattle to be one and the same disease; on the 

 contrary, he considered pearl disease in cattle a form of lympho- 

 sarcoma (i. e., a form of malignant tumor formation). It is interesting 

 to note here that tuberculosis in cattle at the beginning of the eighteenth 

 century was looked upon as a form of syphilis, due to sodomitic 

 contact with infected persons. Before this time, however, and later, 

 in spite of Virchow's great authority, certain investigators held that 

 pulmonary tuberculosis in man and cattle were one and the same 

 disease (Gurth, Hering, Fuchs), and others even believed that pearl 

 disease of the peritoneum in cattle and human tubercular peritonitis 

 were identical. 



The first inoculation experiments with material believed to be 

 tubercular were made by Kerwin (1789), Lepelletier, Goodlad, and 

 Desgallieras. The experiments were undertaken on human beings, 

 but they were, fortunately for them, but unfortunately for science, 

 not successful. Klenke (1843) was the first to report a successful 

 production of tuberculosis by intravenous inoculation of a rabbit 

 with tubercular material, but his work did not attract much attention, 

 and was pronounced inaccurate by some who inoculated apparently 

 indifferent material and produced tuberculosis. Villemin presented 

 his celebrated contribution on the " Cause and Nature of Tuberculosis 



