QUESTIONS 567 



matin masses which are called the macro- and the micronucleus. 

 Rodgers, in 1904, succeeded in cultivating these bodies in blood 

 from the spleen mixed with normal salt solution and neutralized or 

 made faintly acid by the addition of sodium citrate solution. In 

 such artificial cultures the Leishman-Donovan bodies developed into 

 flagellates of the type of herpetomonas, and they have been called 

 Herpetomonas Donovani by Laveran and Mesnil. It was also 

 subsequently ascertained that the bed-bug (Cimex rotundatus), 

 in whose intestines the Leishman-Donovan bodies develop into the 

 flagellate type, transmit the disease from the sick to the healthy. 

 Wright found similar intracorpuscular bodies in the granulation tissue 

 of a tropical ulcer. But these have only been studied in sections, and 

 have not yet been cultivated or observed in a flagellate stage. 



QUESTIONS. 



1. What is the position of trypanosomes in the phylum protozoa? 



2. What does the word mastigophora mean ? 



3. Give a general definition of trypanosomes. 



4. Describe their morphology. 



5. Define the terms : trophonucleus, kinetonucleus, undulating membrane. 



6. Describe the origin and the three parts of the flagellum of typical trypan- 

 osomes. 



7. Where are trypanosomes found? Are they all pathogenic? 



8. Are they intra- or extracorpuscular blood parasites? 



9. Describe in detail the method to examine trypanosomes in the live state. 



10. Likewise the method to examine stained specimens. 



11. In what trypanosomiases are the parasites not found in the blood but 

 elsewhere ? Where are they found in these diseases ? 



12. Describe method of obtaining trypanosomes in pure culture. 



13. Which vertebrate trypanosome can be easiest cultivated ? 



14. What is the method of obtaining pure cultures of flagellates from the guts 

 of mosquitoes? 



15. Who discovered the first pathogenic trypanosome; in what disease was it 

 found, and where? 



16. What are the most important pathologic changes due to infection by 

 pathogenic trypanosomes ? 



17. What organism causes surra? What animals are susceptible to surra? 



18. What disease is caused by Trypanosoma Brucei; where found, what 

 animals are susceptible ? 



19. What is dourine ? What causes this disease ? How is it transmitted ? 



20. Discuss the general method of transmission of trypanosomiases. 



21. Discuss immunity in trypanosomiases. 



22. Describe the life cycle of trypanosomes in the body of the tsetse fly. 



23. What disease is caused by Trypanosoma gambiense? 



24. What is Trypanosoma Americanum, n. sp. ? 



25. Describe its morphology in artificial cultures and in the circulating blood 

 of cattle. 



26. Are birds frequently infected with trypanosomes? What diseases do the 

 latter cause in domestic and other birds ? 



27. What is the claim of Schaudinn as to the life cycle of bird hemosporidia 

 after their entrance into the gut of the mosquito ? Discuss this claim. 



28. What is cercomonas? Describe its morphology and its parasitic properties. 



29. Describe the morphology and parasitic properties of Trichomonas vaginalis 

 and intestinalis. 



30. Describe the morphology and parasitic properties of Lamblia intestinalis. 



31. Discuss the position in classification and the morphology of herpetomonas. 



32. Where are herpetomonas generally found as parasites? 



33. Are any of the herpetomonas pathogenic, if so, describe this pathogenic 

 organism and name the disease it causes. 



