PROPAGATION OF HARDY TREES 41 



BUDDING. This is done about August, and the 

 same rules apply to trees and shrubs as to Roses, &c. 



GRAFTING. This takes place outdoors from March 

 to May, at the earlier time for deciduous trees and 

 shrubs, and later on for evergreens. The actual 

 time depends upon the season. 



Where seed is not expressly mentioned below, it 

 must be understood that this is the natural, and in 

 many cases the best, way to propagate. 



The following trees can only be raised from seed 

 to do any good afterwards, though a few of them 

 will throw up suckers, which can be taken off and 

 replanted : ^Esculus (Chestnut), Ailantus, Alnus 

 (Alder), Arbutus, Betula (Birch), Carpinus (Hornbeam), 

 Carya (Hickory), Castanea (Sweet Chestnut), Celtis 

 (Nettle tree), Fagus (Beech), Fraxinus (Ash), Glediis- 

 chia (Honey Locust), Juglans (Walnut), Laburnum, 

 Liquidambar, Morus (Mulberry), Primus, Pyrus, Quercus 

 (Oak), Sophora, Ulmus (Elm), and Zelkova. The varie- 

 ties of any species of the above, and, in fact, of nearly 

 all hardy trees, must be budded or grafted on the 

 species they are forms of, but an exotic species 

 should never be worked on the native representa- 

 tive of the genus e.g. ^Esculus flava should not be 

 budded on the Common Horse Chestnut, as the 

 latter is far too strong a stock for the smaller-growing 

 ^Esculus. 



Acer (Maple) and Tilia (Lime or Linden) can be 

 raised from seeds or by layering, the Lime especially 

 being largely propagated from layers, which soon 

 form strong young trees. The varieties of Maple 



