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county. Comparatively few vineyardists have set out resistants of any 

 kind. It is only here and there that owners of vineyards have made 

 the experiment, if experiment it may longer be called. Vineyardmen 

 of small or even moderate means think they cannot afford to wait the 

 time required for the vines to grow, to be grafted, and to bear fruit. 



But several men of keen observation, after careful investigation, are 

 persuaded that resistants are a success. Riparia and Lenoir are the 

 principal varieties propagated. Of Rupestris there is none to speak of, 

 and of Californica very little. Riparia holds the foremost place in the 

 estimation of nine tenths of those who have used resistants at all. This 

 variety has been found to grow well and successfully resist the phyllox- 

 era on high lands as well as on lower levels. In some vineyards, Euro- 

 pean vines, grafted on Riparia roots, have borne good crops, and the 

 owners are well pleased with the outlook. Lenoir has been used on low 

 grounds, and in many, probably in all cases, has proved a failure. 

 " Lenoir does not bear wet feet," as Mr. E. P. Palmer says. 



This gentleman, after extended and careful observation, study, and 

 experiment, lasting through a period of several years, and whose judg- 

 ment in the premises is thereby entitled to great consideration, pro- 

 nounces, emphatically, in favor of the Riparia. " I consider the man 

 who plants Lenoir is taking chances," said he. A committee of vine- 

 yardists, of which Mr. Palmer was a member, were last spring appointed 

 by the St. Helena Viticultural Association to visit and critically inspect 

 vineyards, both in Napa and Sonoma Counties, in which resistants, for 

 any considerable time, had been planted, and said in their report: "We 

 condemn the planting of Lenoir on lowest soils. While Riparia would 

 not be in its native element in such soils, yet having shown a better 

 adaptation for cold, wet, and heavy land, it stands preeminently in the 

 lead as a resistant." 



Mr. Charles Krug, with his eleven or twelve years' experience with 

 resistants, advised setting out Riparia. 



I found, with but one or two exceptions, that where replanting is to 

 be done this winter or next spring, Riparias will be used as resistant 

 stocks. . Once in awhile a man was found who favored Lenoir because 

 of its more rapid growth. It can be grafted much earlier than the 

 slower growing Riparia. 



To sum up observations upon this point, it may be said that while 

 in some soils Lenoir may prove a resistant, Riparia, on the whole, is 

 esteemed the best resistant stock to plant. Experiments carefully con- 

 ducted, and critical observation, have. proved conclusively that the 

 Riparia is preeminently the best resistant planted in this county. Of 

 this there seems to be no doubt. 



Will resistants be generally planted as vineyards are destroyed by 

 phylloxera? This question has, in a measure, been answered on fore- 

 going pages. In the very great majority of cases, no; in the few, yes. 

 Even many who consider resistants a success, will be deterred by reason 

 of expense and the long " waiting time." The result will inevitably be, 

 as previously stated, that only a few years will elapse before bearing 

 vineyards in this county will be of limited number. The resulting loss 

 to this county will be very great, and would be difficult to estimate, as 

 the hard labor and the expense of establishing vineyards and build- 

 ing capacious wine cellars, especially north of Yountville, has been very 

 great. 



