INTRODUCTION. 



HP HE family of the Anatidae is composed of web-footed, 

 swimming birds, having a bill covered with a soft 

 skin, and a protuberance, sometimes hardly perceptible, 

 at the tip, and contains the Swan, Geese, Ducks, and Mer- 

 gansers, constituting Huxley's order CHENOMORPH^; 

 (Greek x*7", chen, a goose, -f- p-op^rj, morphe, form). 



The family is divided into several subfamilies, the 

 number varying according to the views an ornithologist 

 may have as to their necessity, but never less than five, 

 viz.: CvGNiNyE, Swan ; ANSERINE, Geese; ANATIN^E, 

 Fresh-Water Ducks; FULIGULINJE, Sea Ducks, and 

 MERGING, Mergansers. In this book the subfamilies 

 are seven, as, in addition to those just named, there have 

 been adopted, PLECTROPTERINYE, in which, among sev- 

 eral other species all exotic, is included the genus yEx 

 represented in North America by our beautiful Wood 

 Duck (and which in most lists is placed far from its ap- 

 parently true position), and ERISMATURIN.E, containing 

 the spine- or stiff-tail ducks. In addition to these there 

 are four other subfamilies; ANSERANATUSLE, CEREOP- 



SIN^E, CHENONETTINyE, and MERGANETTIN^, whose 



species are all exotic to this continent. 



These eleven subfamilies possess something like two 

 hundred species, about sixty of which are found in North 

 America. A conspicuous feature of these birds is a hard 

 bony expansion at the end of the bill, occasionally occu- 

 pying the whole tip and frequently bent over, forming a 



